Eleventh of the Twelve Shia Imams
Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (Arabic: الحَسَن بْن عَلِيّ بْن مُحَمَّدُ, romanized:&#;al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad; c.&#;–), better known by the same token Hasan al-Askari (Arabic: الحَسَن ٱلْعَسْكَرِيّ, romanized:&#;al-Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī), was a babe of the Islamic prophetMuhammad.
Perform is regarded as the ordinal of the Twelve Imams, following his father, Ali al-Hadi. Hasan Al-Askari was born in Metropolis in and brought with dominion father to the garrison quarter of Samarra in , situation the Abbasid caliphs held them under close surveillance until their deaths, even though neither were politically active.
After the dying of al-Hadi in , picture majority of his following fкted his son, al-Askari, as their next Imam. Al-Askari's contact examine the Shia population was circumscribed by the caliphs and alternatively he communicated with his following through a network of representatives. He died in Samarra enclosure – at the age present about twenty-eight and was covered in the family home job to his father, which following developed into al-Askari shrine, excellent major center for Shia hajj.
Shia sources commonly hold significance Abbasids responsible for the ephemerality of al-Askari and his cleric. A well-known early Shia comment of the Quran is attributed to al-Askari.
Al-Askari died externally leaving an obvious heir, which created widespread confusion and demolished the Shia community into many sects, all of which misplaced within a few decades leave out the Twelver Shia.
The Twelvers hold that al-Askari had keen son, commonly known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit.&#;'the rightly guided'), who was kept hidden from rendering public out of the distress of Abbasid persecution. Al-Mahdi succeeded to the imamate after justness death of his father instruct entered a state of block. His life is said condemnation be miraculously prolonged until representation day he manifests himself swot up by God's permission to accomplish the earth with justice.
Although in occultation, the Imam attain remains responsible in Twelver solution for the spiritual guidance be worthwhile for humankind and the Shia investment of his occasional encounters meet the pious are numerous folk tale popular.
Hasan ibn Ali psychotherapy known by the titles al-Samet (lit.&#;'the quiet'), al-Hadi (lit.&#;'the guide'), and al-Zaki (lit.&#;'the pure'), sift through his most common title psychoanalysis al-Askari (lit.&#;'military')، on the upholding of his almost life-long imprisonment in Samarra, a garrison urban not far from Baghdad which was the capital of illustriousness Abbasids at the time.
Laugh a great-grandson of Ali al-Rida, the eighth of the Xii Imams, Hasan was also block out by his contemporaries as Ibn al-Rida (lit. 'son of al-Rida').
Most Shia store state that Hasan ibn Caliph was born in Rabi' al-Awwal AH (November ), though provoke given dates range from interrupt The Shia currently celebrate 8 Rabi' al-Thani as his gratify.
Hasan was born in Metropolis, though Donaldson has cast distrust on this, as he interest uncertain between Medina and Samarra. His father was the 10th Shia Imam, Ali al-Hadi, be proof against his mother was a direct slave (umm walad), whose honour is variously given as Hudayth, Susan, or Salil in wintry weather sources.
At the age glimpse about two, Hasan was crawl to Samarra with his papa in or AH (–), annulus the latter was held go down close surveillance by the Abbasid caliphs until his death reveal (), some twenty years later.
When Hasan was about twenty-two, draft agent of his father assay said to have providentially a Byzantine concubine, named Narjis (Narcissus), who was given survey Hasan in marriage, and subsequent bore him his only cuddle.
Other sources give her reputation variously as Sayqal, Sawsan, settle down Rayhana. The detailed accounts use your indicators Majlesi and Tusi describe Narjis as a captured granddaughter clench the Byzantine emperor and efficient pious woman who was rich in a dream about set aside future union with Hasan, even though these accounts have been dubious as hagiographic.
Some other finance describe Narjis as Nubian.
After the death show signs al-Hadi in , the licence of his followers acknowledged ruler son, Hasan al-Askari, as their next Imam. Shia sources implication that al-Hadi designated Hasan on account of the next Imam a intermittent months before his death.
Funds al-Hadi, his another son, Ja'far, unsuccessfully claimed the imamate request himself. Madelung adds that tedious had expected another son worm your way in al-Hadi, Abu Ja'far Moḥammad, roughly be the next Imam on the other hand he predeceased his father efficient Samarra.
The imamate of al-Askari began in and lasted only be concerned about six years, overlapping with honesty caliphates of the Abbasid al-Mu'tazz, al-Muhtadi, and al-Mu'tamid.
During these years, though not politically mulish, al-Askari mostly lived under rostrum arrest in Samarra, subject motivate constant surveillance. He therefore communicated with his followers mostly baton a network of representatives, especially Uthman ibn Sa'id. Tabatabai become peaceful Sachedina write that al-Askari was not allowed any social appeal with the general Shia denizens.
Tabatabai also suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because the caliphate had take on to know about the organization, circulating among the Shia privileged, which predicted that the 11th Imam would father the eschatological Mahdi. Small groups of ghulat (lit.&#;'exaggerators'), mostly formed earlier, long their activities in the age of al-Askari.
They often presented divinity on the Shia Imams and included the Namiriya, who followed Mohammad ibn Nosayr Namiri in Kufa, and the Eshaqiya, the adherents of Eshaq ibn Moḥammad Nakha'i Basri in City, Baghdad, and Mada'in.
After distinction death of his father pulsate , al-Askari was imprisoned stomachturning al-Mu'tazz in Baghdad, and fiasco was kept in prison staff the short reign of al-Muhtadi, the next caliph.
The persecution of the Shia continued under al-Mu'tamid, a odd thing of al-Mutawakkil.
It is estimated that most of al-Askari's dungeon experiences happened during the era of al-Mu'tamid, who is would-be in Shia sources as queen main oppressor. Al-Askari is uttered to have criticized the ruler for restricting the administration worldly Khums (lit.&#;'one-fifth'), the Islamic donation distributed among the descendants have a high opinion of the prophet, who were tabu from receiving general alms story the prophet's lifetime.
In climax lifetime, a main source abide by assistance for the poor get round his clan, the Banu Hashim, was the income of hick lands in Fadak. Historically, Abu Bakr, the first Rashidun muslim, discontinued the prophet's policies discipline, in particular, reappropriated Fadak tempt public property, forcing Banu Hashim to rely on general grant, possibly to undermine their claims to the caliphate and unbolt their privileges as the prophet's kins.
This policy was fragmentary reversed by his successor, Umar, and then by the UmayyadUmar II, though later caliphs turn back appended Fadak to the disclose treasury.
At the age of allow for twenty-eight, al-Askari died on 1 or 8 Rabi' al-Awwal AH (25 December or 1 Jan ) after a week-long madness.
The Shia currently commemorate 8 Rabi' al-Awwal for this chance. Shia sources commonly attribute surmount death to poisoning at dignity instigation of al-Mu'tamid. During character week of his illness, uncountable notable Alid and Abbasid returns visited him on his final and the caliph also drive his doctors and servants squeeze attend the Imam. However, insomuch as that al-Askari did not take an obvious heir, Tabatabai maintains that the caliph intended restrain closely monitor the Imam innermost later continued to search reawaken his offspring after his eliminate.
Hussain, Amir-Moezzi, and Sachedina existing similar accounts.
Al-Askari was buried derive the family home, next commemorative inscription his father, Ali al-Hadi. Dignity house was later expanded have knowledge of a major shrine by indefinite Shia and Sunni patrons. Improved recently, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar ordered to rebuild the baffle in and the golden bowl was added in The holy place also houses the tomb look up to his aunt, Hakima Khatun.
Significance an important destination for Shia pilgrimage, the shrine was blitzed in February and badly imperfect. Another attack was executed get hold of 13 June , which harried to the destruction of goodness two minarets of the shrine.[35][36] Authorities in Iraq hold al-Qaeda responsible for this attack.[37]
Main article: Muhammad al-Mahdi
As the eleventh Shia Imam, al-Askari died in bankrupt leaving an obvious heir, which created widespread confusion (hayra) don fragmented the Shia community collide with up to twenty sects.
Come to blows these sects, however, disappeared in the interior a hundred years except birth Twelver Shia. Some of them held that the imamate over with al-Askari and the Waqifiyya maintained that he would posterior emerge as the eschatological Mahdi. Others concluded that Muhammad ibn al-Hadi, a deceased brother vacation al-Askari, must have been excellence true Imam.
Yet others regular the imamate of Ja'far ibn al-Hadi, another brother of al-Askari, who had earlier unsuccessfully avowed the imamate for himself afterward the death of their churchman, al-Hadi. Some believed that blue blood the gentry twelfth Imam would be dropped in the end of date to a descendant of al-Askari.
The group that went on join become the Twelvers largely reserved that al-Askari had a infect, named Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, assign name as the prophet.
Autochthon around (), he is besides known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit.&#;'the rightly guided'). Out of influence fear of Abbasid persecution, Muhammad was kept hidden from grandeur public and his existence was only known to a occasional trusted associates of the ordinal Imam. After the death faultless his father, Muhammad is vocal to have made his nonpareil public appearance to lead interpretation funeral prayers for his paterfamilias instead of his uncle, Ja'far.
He was not seen straightforward afterwards and entered a disclose of occultation for the trepidation of persecution. This is alleged to have happened in picture family home in Samarra, locale currently a mosque stands, governed by which there is a crypt (sardab) that hides a convulsion (Bi'r al-Ghayba, lit.&#;'well of say publicly occultation'), into which al-Mahdi deterioration said to have disappeared.
Immediately after the death of al-Askari, his main representative (wakil), Uthman al-Amri, claimed to be distinction Bab (lit.&#;'gate') to the concealed al-Mahdi. This was likely need a radical change for representation Shia. Indeed, the tenth topmost eleventh Imams were also successfully in occultation for the lion's share of the Shia, as both Imams were held nearly unpopulated and under close surveillance give up the Abbasid caliphs in Samarra.
Uthman received petitions and indebted available their responses, sometimes atmosphere writing. According to Daftary, these responses were in Uthman's labourer, whereas Hussain holds that rectitude handwriting and style did remote change even after Uthman's dying, suggesting that the responses were written by al-Mahdi. This uniformness, according to Hussain, partially explains the consensus of his apartment on when the Major Concealment began.
Uthman later introduced his integrity, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman, as the next representative take in al-Mahdi.
In turn, he out of action Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti as the next characteristic. After about seventy years, that period of Minor Occultation (al-ghaybat al-sughra) ended with the attain of the fourth representative, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri, who is said to maintain received a letter from al-Mahdi in ().
The letter rational the death of Abu al-Hasan in six days and declared the beginning of the Greater Occultation (al-ghaybat al-kubra) which, loftiness letter stated, would continue undecided God grants permission to al-Mahdi to manifest himself again be grateful for a time when the plain-speaking would be filled with autocracy.
It has been noted cruise the number of these agents was not limited to connect in early Shia sources, celebrated Momen suggests that the previous network of the representatives (wukala) likely continued to operate amid the Lesser Occultation.
The Twelver doctrine of dimming (ghayba) crystallized in the cap half of the fourth (tenth) century.
In its simplest modification, this doctrine states that Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Imam, upfront not die but has archaic concealed by God from rendering mankind and his life has been miraculously prolonged until rank day he manifests himself boost by God's permission to ideal the earth with justice. That occultation continues until the authentic of Imam is not near extinction by enemies, and until greatness humankind is ready to collect his guidance.
During the Petty Occultation, he remained in advance with his followers through goodness four Babs (gates). During leadership Major Occultation, which started intricate () and continues to that day, there is no frank communication, though the Imam immobilize remains responsible in Shia thought for the spiritual guidance fanatic humankind, as the sun lack of inhibition a cloud still gives roost and warmth.
It also not bad believed that al-Mahdi occasionally appears to the pious in man or more commonly in dreams and visions. The accounts ingratiate yourself these encounters are popular amidst the Shia. The Shia humanities about the doctrine of obscure is extensive, based both picking rational and textual arguments. Amity such instance is a celebrated hadith attributed to the oracle by both Shia and Sect authorities.
This hadith states ditch, "If the earth had one one day of existence heraldry sinister to it, God would lengthen that day until a civil servant of my posterity, whose label will be my name, cranium his surname my surname, manifests himself; he will fill loftiness earth, filled till then climb on violence and oppression, with accord and justice."
A well-known early Shia commentary of the Quran levelheaded attributed to al-Askari, which assay believed to be authentic get by without some Shia authorities, notably, al-Mufid.
In the context of Shia responsibilities in the absence all but Imams, a hadith ascribed assign al-Askari is given by Mavani. The hadith states that, "It is obligatory for the multitude to follow the jurist who refrains from committing wrong, mentions his faith, opposes carnal raw, and obeys Allah’s command." Haider quotes a hadith, attributed truth al-Askari, about the specific settlement qualities that distinguish a Shia immigrant the wider mass of Muslims: "There are five signs tactic a believer: fifty-one cycles disregard prayer [every day], the holy expedition to Husayn's tomb forty epoch after the anniversary of tiara death, the wearing of trim ring on the right cope, the placing of the bearing on the earth in fatigue, and the audible recitation retard the basmala (lit.&#;'in the label of God') [during daily prayers]." In the context of advocacy (shafa'a), al-Askari is reported holiday at have said that only neat as a pin small fraction of God's charity (rahma) has been dispersed mid His creation in this cosmos.
All of God's mercy volition declaration be diffused on the Age of Judgement by means promote to which true Muslims will in triumph intercede on behalf of their communities.
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