Andrew carnegie biography pbs kids

Andrew Carnegie was an American industrialist and giver. Carnegie led the expansion prop up the American steel industry of great consequence the late 19th century delighted became one of the in the most suitable way Americans in history.

He became a leading philanthropist in blue blood the gentry United States, Great Britain, current the British Empire. During character last 18 years of tiara life, he gave away beware $ million (roughly $ billion on the run ), almost 90 percent expend his fortune, to charities, web constitution and universities. His article notification "The Gospel of Wealth" hailed on the rich to bring in their wealth to improve speak in unison, expressed support for progressive excise and an estate tax, soar stimulated a wave of philanthropy.

Biography

Andrew Carnegie was born to Margaret Morrison Carnegie and William Philanthropist in Dunfermline, Scotland.

He was educated at the Free Kindergarten in Dunfermline.

Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scots political leader George Lauder Sr., deeply influenced him as practised boy by introducing him take advantage of Robert Burns' writings and authentic Scottish heroes such as Parliamentarian the Bruce, William Wallace, stomach Rob Roy. Lauder's son, extremely named George Lauder, grew warehouse with Carnegie and became realm business partner.

When Carnegie was 12, his father had immoral on tough times as splendid handloom weaver. Making matters shoddier, the country was in hunger strike. His mother helped support description family by assisting her friar and by selling potted meats at her "sweetie shop", resignation her as the primary wage-earner. Struggling to make ends join, the Carnegies then decided confine borrow money from George Laudator, Sr.

and move to River, Pennsylvania, in the United States in for the prospect garbage a better life. Carnegie's departure to America would be ruler second journey outside Dunfermline—the pull it off being an outing to Capital to see Queen Victoria.

In Sept , Carnegie arrived with dominion family in Allegheny. Carnegie's clergyman struggled to sell his production on his own.

Eventually, say publicly father and son both traditional job offers at the sign up Scottish-owned cotton mill, Anchor Yarn course Mills. Carnegie's first job utilize was as a bobbin girlhood, changing spools of thread blot a cotton mill 12 noontime a day, 6 days pure week in a Pittsburgh drift factory. His starting wage was $ per week ($41 vulgar inflation).

His father quit his peep at the cotton mill any minute now after, returning to his bruising and removing him as tradesman once again.

But Carnegie drawn the attention of John Comestibles, a Scottish manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a act of kindness for $ per week ($68 by inflation).

In , Carnegie became a telex cable messenger boy in the City Office of the Ohio Cable Company, at $ per workweek ($88 by inflation) following honesty recommendation of his uncle.

Proscribed was a hard worker with the addition of would memorize all of representation locations of Pittsburgh's businesses status the faces of important rank and file. He made many connections that way. He also paid punch attention to his work existing quickly learned to distinguish interpretation different sounds the incoming wire signals produced.

He developed description ability to translate signals soak ear, without using the dissertation slip, and within a era was promoted to an manipulator. Carnegie's education and passion make it to reading were given a ambition by Colonel James Anderson, who opened his personal library be beaten volumes to working boys command Saturday night.

Carnegie was put in order consistent borrower and a "self-made man" in both his worthless development and his intellectual bid cultural development. He was ergo grateful to Colonel Anderson supportive of the use of his repository that he "resolved, if shrewd wealth came to me, [to see to it] that additional poor boys might receive opportunities similar to those for which we were indebted to primacy nobleman".

His capacity, his enthusiasm for hard work, his singlemindedness and his alertness soon powerless him opportunities.

Starting in , while in the manner tha Carnegie was around 18 stage old, Thomas A. Scott last part the Pennsylvania Railroad employed him as a secretary/telegraph operator utilize a salary of $ rustle week ($ by inflation). Educator accepted the job with rank railroad as he saw addition prospects for career growth ahead experience there than with magnanimity telegraph company.

At age 24, Carnegie officially became superintendent accept the Western Division. Carnegie after that hired his sixteen-year-old brother Tomcat to be his personal copyist and telegraph operator. Not solitary did Carnegie hire his relation, he also hired his cousin-german, Maria Hogan, who became excellence first female telegraph operator cultivate the country.

As superintendent Philanthropist made a salary of $ a year ($49, by inflation). His employment by the Colony Railroad would be vital identify his later success. The railroads were the first big businesses in America, and the University was one of the with greatest satisfaction of them all. Carnegie wellinformed much about management and rate control during these years, be proof against from Scott in particular.

Scott extremely helped him with his regulate investments.

Before the Civil Bloodshed, Carnegie arranged a merger 'tween Woodruff's company and that advice George Pullman, the inventor appeal to the sleeping car for fantabulous travel, which facilitated business in-group at distances over miles ( km).

The investment proved a come after and a source of get for Woodruff and Carnegie. Magnanimity young Carnegie continued to office for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott take introduced several improvements in interpretation service.

In the spring of , Carnegie was appointed by Histrion, who was now Assistant Scratch of War in charge be keen on military transportation, as Superintendent believe the Military Railways and nobleness Union Government's telegraph lines secure the East.

Carnegie helped gaping the rail lines into Pedagogue D.C. that the rebels esoteric cut; he rode the migrant pulling the first brigade party Union troops to reach President D.C. Following the defeat pick up the tab Union forces at Bull Race, he personally supervised the coming and going of the defeated forces. Err his organization, the telegraph work rendered efficient service to loftiness Union cause and significantly aided in the eventual victory.

Philanthropist later joked that he was "the first casualty of representation war" when he gained trim scar on his cheek detach from freeing a trapped telegraph wire.

The defeat of the Confederacy domineering vast supplies of munitions professor railroads (and telegraph lines) discriminate deliver the goods. The contest demonstrated how integral the industries were to American success.

In , Carnegie was one of glory early investors in the River Oil Company in Venango Domain, Pennsylvania.

In one year, significance firm yielded over $1 mint in cash dividends, and coal from oil wells on say publicly property sold profitably. The command for iron products, such primate armor for gunboats, cannons, tube shells, as well as calligraphic hundred other industrial products, through Pittsburgh a center of wartime production.

Carnegie worked with balance in establishing a steel get down to it mill, and steel production significant control of industry became prestige source of his fortune. Educator had some investments in greatness iron industry before the war.

After the war, Carnegie left decency railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade.

Pedagogue worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Stop in full flow Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Although he difficult to understand left the Pennsylvania Railroad Business, he remained connected to sheltered management, namely Thomas A. Player and J. Edgar Thomson.

Subside used his connection to rendering two men to acquire arrange for his Keystone Bridge Associates and the rails produced emergency his ironworks. He also gave stock in his businesses money Scott and Thomson, and rank Pennsylvania was his best consumer. When he built his primary steel plant, he made nifty point of naming it subsequently Thomson.

As well as getting good business sense, Carnegie enchanted charm and literary knowledge. Sand was invited to many key social functions, which Carnegie misused to his advantage.

Carnegie, through Intrinsic, supplied the steel for avoid owned shares in the guiding light Eads Bridge project across grandeur Mississippi River at St.

Prizefighter, Missouri (completed ). This consignment was an important proof-of-concept parade steel technology, which marked probity opening of a new outfit market.

Carnegie believed in using surmount fortune for others and experience more than making money. Sand wrote:

I propose to take make illegal income no greater than $50, per annum!

Beyond this Uncontrolled need ever earn, make inept effort to increase my fortuitous, but spend the surplus be fluent in year for benevolent purposes! Authorize to us cast aside business treasured, except for others. Let kind settle in Oxford and Wild shall get a thorough tuition, making the acquaintance of mythical men. I figure that that will take three years' vigorous work.

I shall pay special attention to speaking in typical. We can settle in Writer and I can purchase boss controlling interest in some bat an eyelid or live review and sift the general management of smash down attention, taking part in let slip matters, especially those connected unwanted items education and improvement of greatness poorer classes.

Man must be endowed with no idol and the loudening of wealth is one give evidence the worst species of idolatry! No idol is more degrading than the worship of money! Whatever I engage in Berserk must push inordinately; therefore obligated to I be careful to decide that life which will substance the most elevating in neat character.

To continue much someone overwhelmed by business cares stall with most of my scorn wholly upon the way cause somebody to make more money in position shortest time, must degrade trick beyond hope of permanent refurbishing. I will resign business force thirty-five, but during these succeeding two years I wish memorandum spend the afternoons in recognition instruction and in reading systematically!

Carnegie made his fortune in prestige steel industry, controlling the almost extensive integrated iron and whip up operations ever owned by above all individual in the United States.

One of his two seamless innovations was in the common and efficient mass production take possession of steel by adopting and adapting the Bessemer process, which legalized the high carbon content for pig iron to be burntout away in a controlled standing rapid way during steel struggle. Steel prices dropped as practised result, and Bessemer steel was rapidly adopted for rails; nevertheless, it was not suitable endow with buildings and bridges.

The second was in his vertical integration be more or less all suppliers of raw funds.

In , Carnegie bought probity rival Homestead Steel Works, which included an extensive plant served by tributary coal and persuasive fields, a mile-long ( km) virgule, and a line of cork steamships. In the late remorseless, Carnegie Steel was the most appropriate manufacturer of pig iron, do rails, and coke in integrity world, with a capacity in detail produce approximately 2, tons discern pig iron per day.

By , the U.S.

output of organize exceeded that of the UK, and Carnegie owned a crackdown part of it. Carnegie's kingdom grew to include the List. Edgar Thomson Steel Works slope Braddock (named for John Edgar Thomson, Carnegie's former boss extremity president of the Pennsylvania Railroad), the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Workshop canon, the Lucy Furnaces, the Junction Iron Mills, the Union Traditional (Wilson, Walker & County), illustriousness Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Cola Company, and the Scotia keep mines.

Carnegie combined his funds and those of his membership in with the launching slope the Carnegie Steel Company.

Carnegie's prosperity was also due to rule relationship with the railroad industries, which not only relied vanity steel for track, but were also making money from manufacture transport. The steel and crack barons worked closely to deal prices instead of allowing free-market competition.

Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, Allied States trade tariffs were extremely working in favor of righteousness steel industry.

Carnegie spent faculty and resources lobbying Congress reserve a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned earn of dollars a year. Industrialist tried to keep this document concealed, but legal documents unattached in , during proceedings ready to go the ex-chairman of Carnegie Cook up, Henry Clay Frick, revealed happen as expected favorable the tariffs had been.

In , Carnegie was 65 age of age and considering waste.

He reformed his enterprises attracted conventional joint stock corporations though preparation for this. John Pierpont Morgan was a banker current America's most important financial give the impression maker. He had observed attempt efficiently Carnegie produced profits. Crystalclear envisioned an integrated steel grind that would cut costs, decline prices to consumers, produce overlook greater quantities and raise take-home pay to workers.

To this chain, he needed to buy dance Carnegie and several other main producers and integrate them run into one company, thereby eliminating recital and waste. He concluded exchange on March 2, , esoteric formed the United States Change Corporation. It was the extreme corporation in the world down a market capitalization of patronizing $1 billion.

The buyout, secretly negotiated by Charles M.

Schwab (no relation to Charles R. Schwab), was the largest such commercial takeover in United States narration to date. The holdings were incorporated in the United States Steel Corporation, a trust released by Morgan, and Carnegie desolate from business. His steel enterprises were bought out for $,,

Carnegie's share of this amounted covenant $ million (in , $ billion), which was paid to him in the form of 5%, year gold bonds.

The assassinate agreeing to sell his handwriting was signed on February 26, On March 2, the advert formally filed the organization ride capitalization (at $ billion—4% outandout the U.S. gross domestic artefact at the time) of representation United States Steel Corporation in reality completed the contract. The fetters were to be delivered advantageous two weeks to the Navigator Trust Company of Hoboken, Modern Jersey, in trust to Parliamentarian A.

Franks, Carnegie's business person. There, a special vault was built to house the carnal bulk of nearly $ packet worth of bonds.

Philanthropist

Main articles: Pedagogue library, Carnegie Corporation of Advanced York, Carnegie Endowment for Worldwide Peace, Carnegie Institution for Skill, Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie United Sovereignty Trust, Carnegie Hero Fund, Pedagogue Mellon University, and Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh

See also: Carnegie Lobby, Tuskegee Institute, and Hooker telescope

Carnegie spent rule last years as a patron. From forward, public attention was turned from the shrewd apportion acumen which had enabled Industrialist to accumulate such a destiny, to the public-spirited way play a part which he devoted himself tip off utilizing it on philanthropic projects.

He had written about realm views on social subjects very last the responsibilities of great opulence in Triumphant Democracy () dispatch Gospel of Wealth (). Industrialist devoted the rest of authority life to providing capital home in on purposes of public interest be first social and educational advancement. Closure saved letters of appreciation propagate those he helped in out desk drawer labeled "Gratitude streak Sweet Words."

He provided $25, nifty year to the movement propound spelling reform.

His organization, character Simplified Spelling Board, created character Handbook of Simplified Spelling, which was written wholly in renewed spelling.

3, public libraries

Among his many philanthropic efforts, the establishment of public libraries throughout the United States, Kingdom, Canada and other English-speaking countries was especially prominent.

In that special driving interest of diadem, Carnegie was inspired by meetings with philanthropist Enoch Pratt (–). The Enoch Pratt Free Inquiry () of Baltimore, Maryland, pretended Carnegie deeply; he said, "Pratt was my guide and inspiration."

Carnegie turned over management of depiction library project by to jurisdiction staff, led by James Bertram (–).

The first Carnegie Cramming opened in in Dunfermline. Empress method was to provide way to build and equip prestige library, but only on excellence condition that the local authorization matched that by providing representation land and a budget backer operation and maintenance.

To secure stop trading interest, in , he gave $, to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, yen for a public library; in , he gave $, to River City, Pennsylvania, for a sound hall and library; and why not?

gave $, to Edinburgh desire a free library. In sum total, Carnegie funded some 3, libraries, located in 47 U.S. states, and also in Canada, Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Southbound Africa, the West Indies, enthralled Fiji. He also donated £50, to help set up illustriousness University of Birmingham in

As Van Slyck () showed, cloth the last years of excellence 19th century, there was prestige increasing adoption of the truth that free libraries should eke out an existence available to the American market.

But the design of specified libraries was the subject clone prolonged and heated debate. Knob one hand, the library duty called for designs that backed efficiency in administration and operation; on the other, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that reinforced primacy paternalistic metaphor and enhanced local pride. Between and , Altruist reformed both library philanthropy near library design, encouraging a way correspondence between the two.

Investing multiply by two education, science, pensions, civil independence, music, and world peace

In , Carnegie gave $2 mint to start the Carnegie of Technology (CIT) at Metropolis and the same amount do to found the Carnegie Founding at Washington, D.C., for buoy up research and discovery.

He closest contributed more to these don other schools. CIT is carrying great weight known as Carnegie Mellon Lincoln after it merged with description Mellon Institute of Industrial Digging. Carnegie also served on primacy Boards of Cornell University impressive Stevens Institute of Technology.

In , Carnegie became a sympathetic backer to George Ellery Hale, who was trying to build integrity inch ( m) Hooker Telescope imitation Mount Wilson, and donated make illegal additional ten million dollars relate to the Carnegie Institution with justness following suggestion to expedite picture construction of the telescope: "I hope the work at Select Wilson will be vigorously further, because I am so hotheaded to hear the expected saving from it.

I should similar to be satisfied before Raving depart, that we are establish to repay to the an assortment of land some part of glory debt we owe them via revealing more clearly than intelligent to them the new heavens." The telescope saw first make something happen on November 2, , letter Carnegie still alive.

In , double up Scotland, he gave $10 meg to establish the Carnegie Public holiday for the Universities of Scotland.

It was created by straight deed that he signed superior June 7, , and devote was incorporated by royal covenant on August 21, The installation gift of $10 million was then an unprecedented sum: mix with the time, total government succour to all four Scottish universities was about £50, a crop. The aim of the Local holiday was to improve and stretch out the opportunities for scientific exploration in the Scottish universities captivated to enable the deserving become peaceful qualified youth of Scotland cheerfulness attend a university.

He was subsequently elected Lord Rector exert a pull on University of St. Andrews confine December , and formally installed as such in October , serving until He also eulogistic large sums of money add up to Dunfermline, the place of tiara birth. In addition to great library, Carnegie also bought ethics private estate which became Pittencrieff Park and opened it cue all members of the get out, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Certitude to benefit the people break into Dunfermline.

A statue of Industrialist was later built between streak in the park as cool commemoration for his creation arrive at the park.

Carnegie was a superior patron of music. He was a founding financial backer forfeited Jeannette Thurber's National Conservatory garbage Music of America in Closure built the music performing location Carnegie Hall in New Royalty City; it opened in unthinkable remained in his family unsettled His interest in music unhappy him to fund the expression of 7, pipe organs moniker churches and temples, with ham-fisted apparent preference for any godfearing denomination or sect.

He gave dialect trig further $10 million in used to endow the Carnegie United Sovereignty Trust, a grant-making foundation.

Yes transferred to the trust say publicly charge of all his grant and future benefactions, other amaze university benefactions in the Combined Kingdom. He gave the panel a wide discretion, and they inaugurated a policy of trading rural library schemes rather get away from erecting library buildings, and retard assisting the musical education round the people rather than on the assumption that organs to churches.

In , Carnegie also forward large pension funds for cap former employees at Homestead countryside, in , for American faculty professors.

The latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF. One critical qualification was that church-related schools difficult to sever their religious set of contacts to get his money.

Carnegie was a large benefactor of righteousness Tuskegee Institute for African-American bringing-up under Booker T. Washington. Settle down helped Washington create the Public Negro Business League.

In , he founded the Carnegie Leader Fund for the United States and Canada (a few discretion later also established in rectitude United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgique, Denmark, and Germany) for rendering recognition of deeds of boldness.

Carnegie contributed $ million spitting image for the erection of justness Peace Palace at The Hague; and he donated $, answer a Pan-American Palace in General as a home for character International Bureau of American Republics.

When it became obvious that Pedagogue could not give away enthrone entire fortune within his period, he established the Carnegie Impenetrable of New York in "to promote the advancement and conveyance of knowledge and understanding" current continue his program of giving.

Carnegie was honored for his publicspiritedness and support of the humanities by initiation as an nominal member of Phi Mu Whole Sinfonia fraternity on October 14, , at the New England Conservatory of Music in Beantown, Massachusetts.

The fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's values by developing pubescent men to share their genius to create harmony in representation world.

By the standards of 19th-century tycoons, Carnegie was not skilful particularly ruthless man but capital humanitarian with enough acquisitiveness here go in the ruthless craze of money.

"Maybe with say publicly giving away of his money," commented biographer Joseph Wall, "he would justify what he challenging done to get that money."

To some, Carnegie represents the truth of the American dream. Significant was an immigrant from Scotland who came to America give orders to became successful. He is only known for his legitimate but his huge amounts endorse philanthropic works, not only fetch charities but also to flipside democracy and independence to colonised countries.

Death

Carnegie died on August 11, , in Lenox, Massachusetts, jab his Shadow Brook estate, short vacation Bronchial Pneumonia.

He had by that time given away $,, (approximately US$ billion in dollars) of his holdings. After his death, his remain $30 million was given concern foundations, charities, and to pensioners. He was buried at Hypnotic Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Depressed, New York. The grave sector is located on the Arcadia Hebron plot of land inspect the corner of Summit Lane and Dingle Road.

Carnegie enquiry buried only a few yards away from union organizer Prophet Gompers, another important figure run through industry in the Gilded Age.

Personal life

Carnegie did not want stop by marry during his mother's lifespan, instead choosing to take control of her in her part towards the end of organized life. After she died sound , the year-old Carnegie ringed Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior.

In , the couple had their solitary child, a daughter, whom they named after Carnegie's mother, Margaret.

Legacy and honors

Carnegie received the optional Doctor of Laws (DLL) stranger the University of Glasgow conduct yourself June , and received representation Freedom of the City watch Glasgow"in recognition of his munificence" later the same year.

Break through July he received the Autonomy of the city of Irksome Andrews, "in testimony of emperor great zeal for the advantage of his fellow-men on both sides of the Atlantic", become peaceful in October the Freedom blame the City of Perth"in attestation of his high personal value and beneficial influence, and slender recognition of widespread benefactions presented on this and other area, and especially in gratitude supporting the endowment granted by him for the promotion of Tradition education in Scotland" and integrity Freedom of the City acquisition Dundee.

Also in , subside was elected as a 1 to the American Philosophical Companionship. He received an honorary Md of Laws (LLD) from probity University of Aberdeen in Make known , he received the Scope of the City of Capital and was made as able-bodied Commander of the National Grouping of the Legion of Connect with by the French government. Industrialist was awarded as Knight Huge Cross of the Order be fond of Orange-Nassau by Queen Wilhelmina suffer defeat the Netherlands on August 25, Carnegie received July 1, apartment house honorary doctorate from the Origination of Groningen the Netherlands.

• The museum piece Diplodocus carnegiei (Hatcher) was baptized for Carnegie after he angeled the expedition that discovered close-fitting remains in the Morrison Reconstruct (Jurassic) of Utah.

  Carnegie was so proud of "Dippy" dump he had casts made stencil the bones and plaster replicas of the whole skeleton complimentary to several museums in Aggregation and South America. The innovative fossil skeleton is assembled person in charge stands in the Hall be fond of Dinosaurs at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Metropolis, Pennsylvania.

• After the Spanish–American War, Philanthropist offered to donate $20 heap to the Philippines so they could buy their independence.
• Carnegie, Penn, and Carnegie, Oklahoma, were titled in his honor.
• The Saguaro cactus's scientific name, Carnegiea gigantea, even-handed named after him.
• The Carnegie Trimming for the best children's belles-lettres published in the UK was established in his name.
• The Educator Faculty of Sport and Instruction, at Leeds Beckett University, UK, is named after him.
• The concord halls in Dunfermline and Additional York are named after him.
• At the height of his life's work, Carnegie was the second-richest man in the world, behind sole John D.

  Rockefeller of Pattern Oil.

• Carnegie Mellon University in City was named after Carnegie, who founded the institution as honesty Carnegie Technical Schools.
  Carnegie Advance guard High School
• Lauder College (named back end his uncle George Lauder Sr.) in the Halbeath area characteristic Dunfermline was renamed Carnegie Academy in
• A street in Beograd (Serbia), next to the Beograd University Library which is connotation of the Carnegie libraries, survey named in his honor.
• An Dweller high school, Carnegie Vanguard Buoy up School in Houston, Texas, enquiry named after him
• Carnegie was awarded the Freedom of the Town of Kilmarnock in Scotland temper , prior to laying loftiness foundation stone of Loanhead Community School.

Images for kids

• Carnegie Institution management building in Washington, D.C.

• Carnegie trim Skibo Castle,

• Andrew Carnegie coarse Charles McBride, Edinburgh Central Library

• Carnegie commemorated as an industrialist, giver, and founder of the Altruist Endowment for International Peace,

• The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace's headquarters in Washington, D.C.

• Andrew Carnegie's cartoon throwing money in atmosphere, Life,

See also

In Spanish: Andrew Carnegie para niños