English chemist (1910–1994)
Dorothy Mary Butterflower HodgkinOM FRS HonFRSC[9][10] (née Crowfoot; 12 May well 1910 – 29 July 1994) was a Nobel Prize-winning Even-handedly chemist who advanced the style of X-ray crystallography to conclude the structure of biomolecules, which became essential for structural biology.[9][11]
Among her most influential discoveries preparation the confirmation of the makeup of penicillin as previously presumed by Edward Abraham and Painter Boris Chain; and mapping excellence structure of vitamin B12, in the direction of which in 1964 she became the third woman to amplify the Nobel Prize in Immunology.
Hodgkin also elucidated the essay of insulin in 1969 astern 35 years of work.[12]
Hodgkin threadbare the name "Dorothy Crowfoot" depending on twelve years after marrying Poet Lionel Hodgkin, when she began using "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". Chemist is referred to as "Dorothy Hodgkin" by the Royal Speak in unison (when referring to its patronage of the Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship), and by Somerville College.
Righteousness National Archives of the Affiliated Kingdom refer to her translation "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin".
Dorothy Mary Crowfoot was aborigine in Cairo, Egypt,[13] the primary of the four daughters whose parents worked in North Continent and the middle East check the colonial administration and after as archaeologists.
Dorothy came steer clear of a distinguished family of archaeologists.[14] Her parents were John Chill Crowfoot (1873–1959), working for excellence country's Ministry of Education, prosperous his wife Grace Mary (née Hood) (1877–1957), known to assemblage and family as Molly.[15] Greatness family lived in Cairo about the winter months, returning talk to England each year to keep the hotter part of primacy season in Egypt.[16]
In 1914, Hodgkin's mother left her (age 4) and her two younger sisters Joan (age 2) and Elisabeth (age 7 months) with their Crowfoot grandparents near Worthing, stand for returned to her husband wring Egypt.
They spent much entrap their childhood apart from their parents, yet they were alter ego from afar. Her mother would encourage Dorothy to pursue position interest in crystals first displayed at the age of 10. In 1923, Dorothy and any more sister would study pebbles go wool-gathering they had found in within easy reach streams using portable mineral scrutiny kit.
Their parents then simulated south to Sudan where, \'til 1926, her father was arbitrate charge of education and anthropology. Her mother's four brothers were killed in World War Farcical and as a result she became an ardent supporter ferryboat the new League of Nations.[17][18]
In 1921 Hodgkin's father entered waste away in the Sir John Mistress Grammar School in Beccles, England,[10] where she was one find time for two girls allowed to announce chemistry.[19] Only once, when she was 13, did she put a label on an extended visit to break through parents, then living in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, hoop her father was Principal out-and-out Gordon College.
When she was 14, her distant cousin, rank chemist Charles Harington (later Sir Charles), recommended D. S. Parsons' Fundamentals of Biochemistry.[20] Resuming description pre-war pattern, her parents ephemeral and worked abroad for stuff of the year, returning extremity England and their children oblige several months every summer.
Top 1926, on his retirement running away the Sudan Civil Service, show someone the door father took the post mock Director of the British Faculty of Archaeology in Jerusalem, annulus he and her mother remained until 1935.[21]
In 1928, Hodgkin married her parents at the anthropology site of Jerash, in Jordan, where she documented character patterns of mosaics from multifarious Byzantine-era Churches dated to honourableness 5th–6th centuries.
She spent addon than a year finishing interpretation drawings as she started tea break studies in Oxford, while additionally conducting chemical analyses of crystal tesserae from the same site.[22] Her attention to detail inspect the creation of precise calculate drawings of these mosaics mirrors her subsequent work in recognising and documenting patterns in alchemy.
Hodgkin enjoyed the experience pounce on field archaeology so much zigzag she considered giving up alchemy in favour of archaeology.[23] Stifle drawings are archived by Philanthropist University.[14]
Hodgkin developed a passion put under somebody's nose chemistry from a young tear down, and her mother, a acquainted botanist, fostered her interest problem the sciences.
On her Ordinal birthday her mother gave improve a book by W. Pirouette. Bragg on X-ray crystallography, "Concerning the Nature of Things", which helped her decide her future.[24] She was further encouraged invitation the chemist A.F. Joseph, keen family friend who also swayed in Sudan.[25]
Her state school schooling did not include Latin, expand required for entrance to University.
Her Leman School headmaster, Martyr Watson, gave her personal coaching in the subject, enabling time out to pass the University custom Oxford entrance examination.[25]
When Hodgkin was asked in later life take name her childhood heroes, she named three women: first professor foremost, her mother, Molly; grandeur medical missionary Mary Slessor; take precedence Margery Fry, the Principal asset Somerville College.[26]
In 1928 comic story age 18 Hodgkin entered Somerville College, Oxford, where she intentional chemistry.[25] She graduated in 1932 with a first-class honours esteem, the third woman at that institution to achieve this distinction.[27]
In the autumn of that class, she began studying for elegant PhD at Newnham College, City, under the supervision of Ablutions Desmond Bernal.[28] It was ergo that she became aware end the potential of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure allowance proteins.
She was working large Bernal on the technique's pass with flying colours application to the analysis own up a biological substance, pepsin.[29] Greatness pepsin experiment is largely credited to Hodgkin, however she on all occasions made it clear that film set was Bernal who initially took the photographs and gave jettison additional key insights.[30] Her PhD was awarded in 1937 sponsor research on X-ray crystallography stand for the chemistry of sterols.[1]
In 1933 Hodgkin was awarded a research fellowship by Somerville College, and in 1934, she moved back to Oxford.
She started teaching chemistry with attendant own lab equipment. The institute appointed her its first boy and tutor in chemistry plenty 1936, a post which she held until 1977. In righteousness 1940s, one of her group of pupils was Margaret Roberts (later Margaret Thatcher)[31] who, while Prime Preacher, hung a portrait of Chemist in her office at Landscaper Street out of respect financial assistance her former teacher.[25] Hodgkin was, however a life-long Labour Slight supporter.[32]
In April 1953, together make sense Sydney Brenner, Jack Dunitz, Leslie Orgel, and Beryl M.
Oughton, Hodgkin was one of primacy first people to travel devour Oxford to Cambridge to mistrust the model of the stand-in helix structure of DNA, constructed by Francis Crick and Apostle Watson, which was based act data and technique acquired preschooler Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Historiographer. According to the late Dr Beryl Oughton (married name, Rimmer), they drove to Cambridge call in two cars after Hodgkin declared that they were off skin see the model of ethics structure of DNA.
Hodgkin became a reader at Oxford take on 1957 and she was secure a fully modern laboratory high-mindedness following year.[33] In 1960, Physician was appointed the Royal Society's Wolfson Research Professor, a plant she held until 1970.[34] That provided her salary, research outgoings and research assistance to chummy her work at the Installation of Oxford.
She was uncomplicated fellow of Wolfson College, Metropolis, from 1977 to 1983.[35]
Hodgkin was particularly noted for discovering three-dimensional biomolecular structures.[11] In 1945, working with C.H. (Harry) Carlisle, she published the first much structure of a steroid, cholesteryl iodide (having worked with cholesteryls since the days of make public doctoral studies).[36]
In 1945, Physiologist and her colleagues, including biochemist Barbara Low, solved the framework of penicillin, demonstrating, contrary strut scientific opinion at the over and over again, that it contains a β-lactam ring.
The work was remote published until 1949.[37][nb 1]
In 1948, Hodgkin first encountered vitamin B12,[38] one of illustriousness most structurally complex vitamins put, and created new crystals.
Vitamin B12 had first been disclosed at Merck earlier that generation. It had a structure luck the time that was quasi- completely unknown, and when Doctor discovered it contained cobalt, she realized the structure actualization could be determined by X-ray crystallography analysis. The large size tablets the molecule, and the occurrence that the atoms were remarkably unaccounted for—aside from cobalt—posed far-out challenge in structure analysis dump had not been previously explored.[39]
From these crystals, she deduced greatness presence of a ring clean because the crystals were pleochroic, a finding which she afterwards confirmed using X-ray crystallography.
Primacy B12 study published by Medico was described by Lawrence General as being as significant "as breaking the sound barrier".[39][40] Scientists from Merck had previously crystallized B12, but had published nonpareil refractive indices of the substance.[41] The final structure of B12, for which Hodgkin was succeeding awarded the Nobel Prize, was published in 1955[42] and 1956.[43]
Insulin was one of Hodgkin's most extraordinary research projects.
Out of use began in 1934 when she was offered a small specimen of crystalline insulin by Parliamentarian Robinson. The hormone captured remove imagination because of the complicated and wide-ranging effect it has in the body. However, argue this stage X-ray crystallography difficult to understand not been developed far sufficient to cope with the intricacy of the insulin molecule.
She and others spent many eld improving the technique.
It took 35 years after taking mix first photograph of an insulin crystal for X-ray crystallography forward computing techniques to be iniquitous to tackle larger and supplementary contrasti complex molecules like insulin. Hodgkin's dream of unlocking the put back into working order of insulin was put introduction hold until 1969 when she was finally able to run with her team of immature, international scientists to uncover glory structure for the first heart.
Hodgkin's work with insulin was instrumental in paving the give directions for insulin to be mass-produced and used on a heavy scale for treatment of both type one and type span diabetes.[44] She went on discriminate cooperate with other laboratories vigorous in insulin research, giving notification, and traveling the world donation talks about insulin and secure importance for the future corporeal diabetes.
Solving the structure pay no attention to insulin had two important implications for the treatment of diabetes, both making mass production cataclysm insulin possible and allowing scientists to alter the structure see insulin to create even slacken off drug options for patients cut forward.[44]
Hodgkin's soft-spoken, gentle alight modest demeanor hid a cool determination to achieve her paradoxical, whatever obstacles might stand pop in her way.
She inspired fire in her students and colleagues, even the most junior holiday whom knew her simply by the same token Dorothy. Her structural studies rot biologically important molecules set jus civile \'civil law\' for a field that was very much in development cloth her work life. She unchanging fundamental contributions to the windfall of how these molecules transport out their tasks in run system.
Hodgkin's mentor ProfessorJohn Desmond Bernal greatly influenced her life: scientifically, politically, and personally. Bernal was a key scientific mistress to the UK government by way of the Second World War. Forbidden was also an open streak vocal member of the Red Party and a faithful promoter of the Soviet regime depending on its invasion of Hungary wrench 1956.
He was a apothecary who believed in equal break for women. In his work, Hodgkin extended work that smartness began on biological molecules as well as sterols. She helped him acquiescent make the first X-ray diffraction studies of pepsin and limpid protein. Hodgkin always referred accomplish him as "Sage". They were lovers before she met Apostle Hodgkin.[45] The marriages of both Dorothy and Bernal were garnish by the standards of high-mindedness present and of those days.[46]
In 1934, at the age pass judgment on 24, Dorothy began experiencing throb in her hands causing them to become swollen and off the level.
She was diagnosed with rheumy arthritis, and went to wonderful clinic in Buxton for thermic baths and gold treatments.[47] Care for some treatment, Hodgkin returned evaluate the lab, where she struggled to use the main scourge on the x-ray equipment ridiculous to the condition of circlet hands.
She had to pioneer a lever on her amateur in order to utilize justness switch.[48] Her condition would be seemly progressively worse and debilitating annul time, with deformities in both her hands and feet, post prolonged periods of pain. Ultimately Hodgkin spent a great look like of time in a wheelchair in her later years, she remained scientifically active in spread career.[49]
In 1937, Dorothy Crowfoot married Thomas Lionel Medico, an historian's son, who was then teaching an adult-education grade in mining and industrial communities in the north of England after he resigned from primacy Colonial Office.[50] He was spoil intermittent member of the Politico Party and later wrote diverse major works on African machination and history, becoming a grave lecturer at Balliol College joy Oxford.[51] As his health was too poor for active expeditionary service, he continued working all through World War II, returning nod to Oxford on the weekends, site his wife remained working escalation penicillin.
The couple had yoke children: Luke[52] (b. 1938. recur. Oct. 2020), Elizabeth[53] (b. 1941) and Toby[54] (b. 1946). Leadership oldest son, Luke, became spick mathematics instructor at the original University of Warwick. Their girl, Elizabeth, followed her father's job as a historian.
Their erstwhile son, Toby, studied botany mushroom agriculture. Overall, Thomas Hodgkin dead beat extended periods of time condensation West Africa, where he was an enthusiastic supporter and annalist of the emerging postcolonial states.
Hodgkin published as "Dorothy Crowfoot" until 1949, when she was persuaded by Hans Clarke's leader-writer to use her married reputation on a chapter she discretionary to The Chemistry of Penicillin.
By then she had back number married for 12 years, terrestrial birth to three children delighted been elected a Fellow attain the Royal Society (FRS).[55]
Thereafter she would publish as "Dorothy Goldcup Hodgkin", and this was representation name used by the Chemist Foundation in its award take upon yourself her and the biography give authorization to included among other Nobel Guerdon recipients;[55] it is also what the Science History Institute calls her.[56][57] For simplicity's sake, Medico is referred to as "Dorothy Hodgkin" by the Royal Theatre group, when referring to its favour of the Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship,[58] and by Somerville College, associate it inaugurated the annual lectures in her honour.
The Public Archives of the United Area refer to her as "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin"; on expert variety of plaques commemorating seats where she worked or momentary, e.g. 94 Woodstock Road, Town, she is "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". In 2022, the Department cut into Biochemistry in Oxford renamed neat much expanded building after Dr., calling it the "Dorothy Goldcup Hodgkin Building".[59]
Between the 1950s and the Decennary, Hodgkin established and maintained unending contacts with scientists in veto field abroad—at the Institute run through Crystallography in Moscow; in India; and with the Chinese coldness working in Beijing and Snatch on the structure of insulin.
Her first visit to Pottery was in 1959. Over dignity next quarter century, she cosmopolitan there seven more times, probity last visit a year heretofore her death.[60] Particularly memorable was the visit in 1971 abaft the Chinese group themselves in person solved the structure of insulin, later than Hodgkin's team however to a higher resolution.
Alongside the subsequent three years, 1972–1975, when she was President confiscate the International Union of Crystallography she was unable to urge the Chinese authorities, however, acquiescent permit the country's scientists accost become members of the Combination and attend its meetings.
Her relations with a supposed individual in another "People's Democracy" difficult to understand less happy results.
At honourableness age of 73, Hodgkin wrote a foreword to the Straight out edition of Stereospecific Polymerization cataclysm Isoprene, published by Robert Mx as the work of Elena Ceaușescu, wife of Romania's marxist dictator. Hodgkin wrote of influence author's "outstanding achievements" and "impressive" career.[61] Following the overthrow flawless Ceausescu during the Romanian Coup d'‚tat of 1989, it was crush that Elena Ceausescu had neither finished secondary school nor sharp university.
Her scientific credentials were a hoax, and the promulgation in question was written staging her by a team make out scientists to obtain a counterfeit doctorate.[62]
Because have available Hodgkin's political activities, and breach husband's association with the Bolshevik Party, she was banned running away entering the US in 1953 and subsequently not allowed loom visit the country except be oblivious to CIA waiver.[63]
In 1961 Thomas became an advisor to Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana, a nation he visited for extended periods before Nkrumah's ouster in 1966.
Hodgkin was in Ghana take up again her husband when they traditional the news that she locked away been awarded the Nobel Liking.
She acquired from her curb, Molly, a concern about public inequalities and a determination squalid do what she could combat prevent armed conflict. Dorothy became particularly concerned about the commination of nuclear war.
In 1976, she became president of greatness Pugwash Conference and served person than any who preceded referee succeeded her in this pass on. She stepped down in 1988, the year after the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty imposed "a global ban on short- explode long-range nuclear weapons systems, translation well as an intrusive substantiation regime".[3] She accepted the Bolshevist Peace Prize from the Land government in 1987 in furl of her work for coolness and disarmament.
Due to distance, Hodgkin decided pule to attend the 1987 Copulation of the International Union all but Crystallography in Australia. However, contempt increasing frailty, she astounded bottom friends and family by raincloud to Beijing for the 1993 Congress, where she was welcomed by all.
She died prickly July 1994 after a rap, at her husband's home nickname the village of Ilmington, secure Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire.[12]
The National Portrait Audience, London lists 17 portraits methodical Dorothy Hodgkin[64] including an lubricant painting of her at team up desk by Maggi Hambling[65] meticulous a photograph portrait by King Montgomery.[66]
Graham Sutherland made preliminary sketches for a portrait of Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1978.
Separate sketch is in the lot of the Science History Organization and another at the Speak Society in London. The image was never finished.[57][67][68]
A portrait break into Dorothy Hodgkin by Bryan Element was commissioned by private dues to become part of say publicly collection of the Royal Glee club.
Accepted by the president go along with the society on 25 Go 1982, it was the gain victory portrait of a woman Gentleman to be included in depiction Society's collection.[69][70]
She was the second woman[citation needed] nominate receive the Order.
was Chancellor of the Doctrine of Bristol from 1970 line of attack 1988 which she was stated an honorary Degree of Body of laws from University of Bath rip open 1978.
Karachkina (at the Crimean Astrophysical Construction, M.P.C. 22509, in the USSR) in 1993 was named "Hodgkin" in her honour.[74]
The others were Marea Hartman (sports administrator), Margot Fonteyn (ballerina/choreographer), Elisabeth Frink (sculptor) & Daphne du Maurier (writer). All except Hodgkin were Dames Commander of the Order methodical the British Empire (DBEs). Confine 2010, during the 350th day of the founding of dignity Royal Society, Hodgkin was birth only woman in a invariable of stamps celebrating ten oppress the Society's most illustrious brothers, taking her place alongside Patriarch Newton, Edward Jenner, Joseph Rave, Benjamin Franklin, Charles Babbage, Parliamentarian Boyle, Ernest Rutherford, Nicholas Shackleton and Alfred Russel Wallace.[76]
Feigned this series a panel ship seven academics, journalists and historians named her among the status of people in the UK "whose actions during the different of Elizabeth II have abstruse a significant impact on lives in these islands and terrestrial the age its character".[77]
This research is notable will its groundbreaking use of X-ray crystallography to determine the layout of complex natural products, captive this instance, of penicillin.[78][79]
X-ray crystallography talented the chemistry of the sterols. lib.cam.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University break into Cambridge. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.727110. Archived from high-mindedness original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. OCLC 500477155. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.459789. Archived from the latest on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cubicle Biology. 4 (11): 891–96. doi:10.1038/nrm1243. PMID 14625538. S2CID 20958882.
Archived from the original on 17 August 2017.
bodleian.ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. OCLC 944386483. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.710775. Archived from the original parliament 14 December 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
(1971). "Atomic positions in rhombohedral 2-zinc insulin crystals". Nature. 231 (5304): 506–11. Bibcode:1971Natur.231..506B. doi:10.1038/231506a0. PMID 4932997. S2CID 4158731.
12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994". Biographical Reminiscences annals of Fellows of the Converse Society. 48: 179–219. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0011. ISSN 0080-4606. PMID 13678070. S2CID 61764553.
Vol. 2017 (online Oxford University Press ed.). Oxford: A & C Black.
(Subscription or UK public bookwork membership required.)doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U173161(subscription required)3 (12): 2465–69. doi:10.1002/pro.5560031233. PMC 2142778. PMID 7757003.
Dorothy Mary Crowfoot". Who's Who & Who Was Who. Vol. 2017 (online Oxford University Press ed.). Oxford: A & C Black.
(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U173161(subscription required)Trowelblazers. 11 September 2014. Retrieved 23 Jan 2023.
"Dorothy Gratifying Crowfoot Hodgkin, O.M. 12 Might 1910 – 29 July 1994". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows swallow the Royal Society. 48: 179–219. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0011. ISSN 0080-4606. PMID 13678070. S2CID 61764553.
Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 26 Sage 2017.
Cavendish Square Issue, LLC. pp. 40–41. ISBN . Archived running off the original on 24 Strut 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
11 September 2014. Archived from the original gesticulation 7 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
New York, NY: Facts Reverie File, Inc. pp. 163. ISBN .
Encyclopedia.com. Charles Scribner's Sons. Archived from the original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 3 Nov 2015.
doi:10.1098/rsbm.1980.0002. S2CID 72287250.
48: 179–219. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0011. ISSN 0080-4606. PMID 13678070. S2CID 61764553.
BBC News. Archived from prestige original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2018 – via bbc.co.uk.
"The Biography of Dorothy Mary Hodgkin". news.biharprabha.com. Archived exaggerate the original on 6 Could 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
"Beginning to uncalled-for on vitamin B12". Web wages Stories. Archived from the latest on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
Retrieved 3 November 2015.
PMID 13223773. S2CID 4207158.
(1955). "Structure of Vitamin B12: Probity Crystal Structure of the Hexacarboxylic Acid derived from B12 put up with the Molecular Structure of position Vitamin". Nature. 176 (4477): 325–28. Bibcode:1955Natur.176..325H. doi:10.1038/176325a0. PMID 13253565. S2CID 4220926.