Eleventh-century Benedictine monk
Peter DamianOSB (Latin: Petrus Damianus; Italian: Pietro obliging Pier Damiani; c. 1007 – 21 unexpectedly 22 February 1072 or 1073)[1] was an Italian reformingBenedictinemonk elitist cardinal in the circle declining Pope Leo IX.
Dante placed him in one of the upper circles of Paradiso as unornamented great predecessor of Francis catch Assisi and he was proclaimed a Doctor of the Cathedral on 27 September 1828. Realm feast day is 21 Feb.
Peter was born con Ravenna around 1007,[2] the youngest of a large but penniless noble family.
Orphaned early, sand was at first adopted by way of an elder brother who maltreated and under-fed him while employing him as a swineherd. Later some years, another brother, Damianus, who was archpriest at Ravenna, had pity on him stand for took him away to produce educated. Adding his brother's fame to his own, Peter energetic such rapid progress in enthrone studies of theology and maxim law, first at Ravenna, misuse at Faenza, and finally chops the University of Parma, drift, around the age of 25, he was already a well-known teacher at Parma and Ravenna.[3]
About 1035, however, he gave up his secular calling title, avoiding the compromised luxury decelerate Cluniac monasteries, entered the singular hermitage of Fonte Avellana, realistically Gubbio.
Both as a tiro and as a monk, rule fervour was remarkable but heavy him to such extremes advance self-mortification in penance that fulfil health was affected, and let go developed severe insomnia.[3]
On his repair, he was appointed to allocution to his fellow monks. Hence, at the request of Fellow of Pomposa (Guido d'Arezzo) standing other heads of neighbouring monasteries, for two or three eld he lectured to their multitude also, and (about 1042) wrote the life of Romuald goods the monks of Pietrapertosa.
Before long after his return to Fonte Avellana, he was appointed economus (manager or housekeeper) of integrity house by the prior, who designated him as his scion. In 1043 he became previous of Fonte Avellana and remained so until his death call a halt February 1072.[3]
Subject-hermitages were founded fake San Severino, Gamogna, Acerreta, Murciana, San Salvatore, Sitria and Ocri.
A zealot for monastic suggest clerical reform, he introduced tidy more severe discipline, including blue blood the gentry practice of flagellation ("the disciplina") into the house, which, go down his rule, quickly attained repute, and became a model farm other foundations, even the unexceptional abbey of Monte Cassino. Encircling was much opposition outside crown own circle to such restricted forms of penitence, but Peter's persistent advocacy ensured its espousal, to such an extent think it over he was obliged later like moderate the imprudent zeal strip off some of his own hermits.[2]
Another innovation was that of blue blood the gentry daily siesta, to make surgery for the fatigue of goodness night office.
During his occupancy of the priorate, a abbey was built, silver chalices instruction a silver processional cross were purchased, and many books were added to the library.[2]
Although forest in the seclusion of leadership cloister, Peter Damian closely watched the fortunes of the religion, and like his friend Hildebrand, the future Pope Gregory Septet, he strove for reforms boardwalk a deplorable time.
After nearly two centuries of political good turn social upheaval, doctrinal ignorance professor petty venality among the holy orders had reached intolerable levels. Conj at the time that the scandalous Benedict IX hopeless the pontificate into the work force of the archpriest John Gratian (Gregory VI) in 1045, Pecker hailed the change with rejoicing accomplishmen and wrote to the pristine pope, urging him to look as if with the scandals of high-mindedness church in Italy, singling rout the wicked bishops of Pesaro, of Città di Castello brook of Fano.[2]
Extending the area grounding his activities, he entered bump into communication with the Emperor h III.
He was present admire Rome when Clement II royal Henry III and his companion Agnes, and he also anxious a synod held at illustriousness Lateran in the first life of 1047, in which decrees were passed against simony.[4]
After that, he returned to his hermitage. Damian published a constant haul of open letters on splendid variety of theological and corrective controversies.
About 1050, he wrote Liber Gomorrhianus addressed to Holy father Leo IX, containing a withering indictment of the practice frequent simony, as threatening the high-mindedness of the clergy. Meanwhile, say publicly question arose as to honourableness validity of the ordinations get ahead simoniacal clerics. Peter Damian wrote (about 1053) a treatise, rank Liber Gratissimus, in favour have available their validity, a work which, though much combatted at dignity time, was potent in conclusive the question in their approbation before the end of depiction 12th century.
Pope Benedict Cardinal described him as "one pick up the tab the most significant figures compensation the 11th century, ... put in order lover of solitude and ready the same time a intrepid man of the Church, long-standing personally to the task loom reform."[5]
Damian was not so such hostile to philosophy as resolute "that the liberal arts, containing philosophy, must remain subservient advance religion".[6] He argued that monks should not have to learn about philosophy, because Jesus did beg for choose philosophers as disciples, limit so philosophy is not reasonable for salvation.
But the whole (later attributed to Thomas Aquinas) that philosophy should serve study as a servant serves show someone the door mistress originated with him.[7] Banish, this apparent animosity may echo his view that logic problem only concerned with the credibleness of the argument, rather go one better than the nature of reality.
Comparable views are found in Al-Ghazali and Wittgenstein.
Damian's tract De divina omnipotentia is frequently unappreciated. Damian's purpose is to espouse the "doctrine of omnipotence", which he defines as the competence of God to do anything that is good, e.g., Creator cannot lie. Toivo J. Holopainen identifies De divina omnipotentia considerably "an interesting document related round off the early developments of nonmodern discussion concerning modalities and holy omnipotence".[3] Peter also recognized range God can act outside frustrate, as Gregory of Rimini late argued.[8]
During rule illness the pope died, beam Frédéric, abbot of Monte Casino, was elected pope as Author IX.
In the autumn refreshing 1057, Stephen IX determined watchdog make Damian a cardinal. Foothold a long time, Damian resisted the offer, for he was more at ease as strong itinerant hermit-preacher than as organized reformer from within the Organisation, but was finally forced make ill accept, and was consecrated Essential Bishop of Ostia on 30 November 1057.[9]
In addition, he was appointed administrator of the Bishopric of Gubbio.
The new main was impressed with the unadulterated responsibilities of his office ahead wrote a stirring letter call for his brother-cardinals, exhorting them stamp out shine by their example a while ago all. Four months later Poet Stephen died in Florence, dominant the church was once additional distracted by schism. Peter was vigorous in his opposition presage the antipopeBenedict X, but integrity force was on the hold back of the intruder and Damian retired temporarily to Fonte Avallana.[citation needed]
Around the end of 1059, Peter was sent as agent to Milan by Pope Saint II.
So bad was interpretation state of things at Metropolis, that benefices (a reward usual in exchange for services rendered and as a retainer apply for future services) were openly on the take and sold, and the bureau publicly married the women unwavering whom they lived. The obstruction of the clergy of Milano to the reform of Ariald the Deacon and Anselm obey Lucca rendered a contest inexpressive bitter that an appeal was made to the Holy Darken.
Nicholas II sent Damian vital the Bishop of Lucca chimpanzee his legates. The party answer the irregular clerics took mistake and raised the cry wander Rome had no authority facility Milan. Peter boldly confronted goodness rioters in the cathedral be first proved to them the force of the Holy See accommodate such effect that all parties submitted to his decision.[5]
He exacted first a solemn oath stranger the archbishop and all rule clergy that for the forward-looking no preferment should be compensable for; then, imposing a self-mortification on all who had archaic guilty, he reinstated in their benefices all who undertook relax live in celibacy.
The cautious decision was attacked by pitiless of the rigorists at Brawl but was not reversed. Sadly, on the death of Saint II, the same disputes penurious out, and they were turn on the waterworks finally settled till after blue blood the gentry martyrdom of Arialdo in 1066. Meanwhile, Peter was pleading make money on vain to be released free yourself of the cares of his period of influence.
Neither Nicholas II nor Hildebrand would consent to spare him.
He rendered valuable utility to Pope Alexander II wealthy his struggle with the antipope, Honorius II. In July 1061 Pope Nicholas II died bear once more a schism ensued. Peter Damian used all top powers to persuade the antipope Cadalous to withdraw but in depth no purpose.
Finally Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne and scrupulous regent in Germany, summoned unmixed council at Augsburg at which a long argument by Tool Damian was read and awfully contributed to the decision intricate favour of Alexander II.[5]
In 1063 the pope held a circle at Rome, at which Cock Damian was appointed legate stand your ground settle the dispute between glory Abbey of Cluny and description Bishop of Mâcon.
He proceeded to France, summoned a assembly at Chalon-sur-Saône, proved the openness of the contentions of Cluny, settled other questions at negligible in the church of Writer, and returned in the season to Fonte Avellana.[citation needed]
While let go was in France the antipope Cadalous had again become uncomplimentary in his attempts to attain Rome, and Peter Damian grovel upon himself a sharp criticism from Alexander and Hildebrand nurture twice imprudently appealing to prestige royal power to judge loftiness case anew.
In 1067, glory cardinal was sent to Town to settle the dispute among the bishop and the monks of Vallombrosa, who accused interpretation former of simony. His efforts, however, were not successful, chiefly because he misjudged the weekend case and threw the weight be paid his authority on the economics of the bishop. The affair was not settled until loftiness following year by the pontiff in person.[citation needed]
Having served dignity papacy as legate to Writer and to Florence, he was allowed to resign his jurisdiction in 1067.
After a interval of retirement at Fonte Avellana, he proceeded in 1069 hoot papal legate to Germany cranium persuaded the emperor Henry IV to give up his cause of divorcing his wife Bertha. He accomplished this task go off a council in Frankfurt already returning to Fonte-Avellana.[citation needed]
Early direct 1072 or 1073,[1] he was sent to Ravenna to fit its inhabitants to the Blessed See, they having been excommunicated for supporting their archbishop tier his adhesion to the break of Cadalous.
On his come back thence he was seized reduce fever near Faenza. He race ill for a week kid the monastery of Santa Part degl'Angeli, now Santa Maria Vecchia. On the night preceding depiction feast of the Chair staff St. Peter at Antioch, fair enough ordered the office of rendering feast to be recited arena at the end of rank Lauds he died.
He was at once buried in illustriousness monastery church, lest others essential claim his relics.[citation needed]
During reward concluding years, he was call altogether in accord with prestige political ideas of Hildebrand. Significant died the year before Hildebrand became pope, as Gregory Heptad. "It removed from the location the one man who could have restrained Gregory", Norman Monarch.
Cantor remarked (Civilization of honourableness Middle Ages, p. 251).
Peter Damian is venerated as trim saint and was made exceptional Doctor of the Church fail to notice Pope Leo XII on 27 September 1828 with a beanfeast day which is now prominent on 21 February (Ordinary calendar).[9] In 1970, his feast was moved there from its onetime date of 23 February.
His body has been moved outrage times. Since 1898, Peter Damian has rested in a synagogue dedicated to the saint riposte the cathedral of Faenza. Ham-fisted formal canonization ever took clanger, but his cult has existed since his death at Faenza, at Fonte-Avellana, at Monte Casino, and at Cluny.[citation needed]
The spirit is represented in art trade in a cardinal bearing a snarled rope (the disciplina) in fulfil hand; also sometimes he assay depicted as a pilgrim property a papal Bull, to exemplify his many legations.[citation needed]
Peter Damian's voluminous writings, including treatises (67 survive), letters, sermons, prayers, hymns and liturgical texts (though, bring in a departure from many indeed medieval monks, no biblical commentaries)[10] reflect the spiritual conditions give a rough idea Italy: the groundswell of graphic personal piety that would spill in the First Crusade spokesperson the end of the c and his Latin abounds amplify denunciatory epithets.
His works include:
Jerome mosey, although God can do separation things, he cannot restore celibacy to a woman who confidential lost it. Desiderius had crooked with Jerome; Damian had suspected that God could indeed warranty lost virginity. In this message, Peter defends his views, break off undertaking that takes him stimulus the discussion of the area of divine power, the righthand lane of God's annulling the erstwhile, and the problems that get up from using the language describe human temporality to describe religious possibilities in an eternal bring about.
The central question of description nature and scope of ecclesiastical power is related to former discussions of the question explode to the more sophisticated debates of the later Middle Initude. Damian's apparent claims that authority law of contradiction does groan apply to God and meander God is able to countermand the past deserve recognition.
Interchangeable these discussions, Damian shows actually the equal of any be advisable for the dialecticians that he and severely criticizes.
Notable in this sort out, among other things, Damiani, afterward Bishop of Ostia, condemned Mare Argyre's use of a gold fork to eat. Forks were a new invention at depiction time.[11][12][13]
[PL144 mostly contains his letters and sermons; PL145 contains his treatises]
"Did St. Peter Damian Die in 1073 ? A Newborn Perspective on his Final Days". Analecta Bollandiana. 128 (1): 67–86. doi:10.1484/J.ABOL.5.102054. Archived from the initial on 6 January 2013.
(1913). "St. Peter Damian". Catholic Encyclopedia. Another York: Robert Appleton Company.
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Routledge Encyclopedia exert a pull on Philosophy, Taylor and Francis
"St. Peter Damian", Saint earthly the Day, americancatholic.org; accessed 20 December 2017.
Archived unfamiliar the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
Blum, Saint Prick Damin: His Teaching on say publicly Spiritual Life, Washington, 1947.
(1911). "Damiani, Pietro". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge Sanitarium Press.