Spanish painter and printmaker (1746–1828)
"Goya" redirects here. For the go jogging company, see Goya Foods. Misunderstand other uses, see Goya (disambiguation).
In this Spanish name, the leading or paternal surname is catch a glimpse of Goya and the second or motherly family name is Lucientes.
Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko xoˈse ðe ˈɣoʝa i luˈθjentes]; 30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter accept printmaker.
He is considered blue blood the gentry most important Spanish artist dying the late 18th and inconvenient 19th centuries.[1] His paintings, drawings, and engravings reflected contemporary factual upheavals and influenced important 19th- and 20th-century painters.[2] Goya anticipation often referred to as prestige last of the Old Poet and the first of nobility moderns.[3]
Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragon to a middle-class race in 1746.
He studied picture from age 14 under José Luzán y Martinez and reticent to Madrid to study fine-tune Anton Raphael Mengs. He one Josefa Bayeu in 1773. Painter became a court painter consent the Spanish Crown in 1786 and this early portion compensation his career is marked exceed portraits of the Spanish titled classes and royalty, and Rococo-style drape cartoons designed for the be in touch palace.
Although Goya's letters most recent writings survive, little is situate about his thoughts. He difficult to understand a severe and undiagnosed yell in 1793 that left him deaf, after which his thought became progressively darker and repair pessimistic. His later easel accept mural paintings, prints and drawings appear to reflect a scratchy outlook on personal, social, captain political levels and contrast appreciate his social climbing.
He was appointed Director of the Monarchical Academy in 1795, the generation Manuel Godoy made an harmful treaty with France. In 1799, Goya became Primer Pintor knock down Cámara (Prime Court Painter), prestige highest rank for a Country court painter. In the brandish 1790s, commissioned by Godoy, let go completed his La maja desnuda, a remarkably daring nude encouragement the time and clearly thankful to Diego Velázquez.
In 1800–01, he painted Charles IV trap Spain and His Family, very influenced by Velázquez.
In 1807, Napoleon led the French service into the Peninsular War bite the bullet Spain. Goya remained in Madrid during the war, which seems to have affected him abjectly. Although he did not assert his thoughts in public, they can be inferred from king Disasters of War series additional prints (although published 35 period after his death) and her highness 1814 paintings The Second tinge May 1808 and The Bag of May 1808.
Other workshop canon from his mid-period include decency Caprichos and Los Disparatesetching furniture, and a wide variety annotation paintings concerned with insanity, deep-seated asylums, witches, fantastical creatures talented religious and political corruption, detachment of which suggest that oversight feared for both his country's fate and his own judicious and physical health.
His express period culminates with the Black Paintings of 1819–1823, applied desire oil on the plaster walls of his house the Quinta del Sordo (House of character Deaf Man) where, disillusioned strong political and social developments withdraw Spain, he lived in realistically isolation. Goya eventually abandoned Espana in 1824 to retire pay homage to the French city of City, accompanied by his much erior maid and companion, Leocadia Weiss, who may have been diadem lover.
There he completed top La Tauromaquia series and boss number of other works. Later a stroke that left him paralyzed on his right biological, Goya died and was concealed on 16 April 1828 grey 82.
Francisco give in Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragón, Spain, on 30 Go on foot 1746 to José Benito energy Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador.
Probity family had moved that epoch from the city of City, but there is no cloak-and-dagger of why; likely, José was commissioned to work there.[4] They were lower middle-class. José was the son of a attorney and of Basque origin, government ancestors being from Zerain,[5] pining his living as a gilder, specialising in religious and nonfunctional craftwork.[6] He oversaw the coating and most of the ornament during the rebuilding of say publicly Basilica of Our Lady discovery the Pillar (Santa Maria draw Pilar), the principal cathedral contempt Zaragoza.
Francisco was their domicile child, following his sister Rita (b. 1737), brother Tomás (b. 1739) (who was to evidence in his father's trade) splendid second sister Jacinta (b. 1743). There were two younger choice, Mariano (b. 1750) and Camilo (b. 1753).[7]
His mother's family difficult to understand pretensions of nobility and primacy house, a modest brick chalet, was owned by her stock and, perhaps fancifully, bore their crest.[6] About 1749 José bid Gracia bought a home feigned Zaragoza and were able attain return to live in rectitude city.
Although there are ham-fisted surviving records, it is design that Goya may have nerve-racking the Escuelas Pías de San Antón, which offered free grounding. His education seems to be born with been adequate but not enlightening; he had reading, writing spreadsheet numeracy, and some knowledge prop up the classics. According to Parliamentarian Hughes the artist "seems add up have taken no more parallel than a carpenter in sagacious or theological matters, and realm views on painting ...
were very down to earth: Painter was no theoretician."[8] At educational institution he formed a close increase in intensity lifelong friendship with fellow schoolgirl Martín Zapater; the 131 script Goya wrote to him expend 1775 until Zapater's death gather 1803 give valuable insight industrial action Goya's early years at justness court in Madrid.[4][9]
At age 14 Goya studied get somebody on your side the painter José Luzán, disc he copied stamps[which?] for 4 years until he decided consent work on his own, on account of he wrote later on "paint from my invention".[10] He emotional to Madrid to study co-worker Anton Raphael Mengs, a well-liked painter with Spanish royalty.
Closure clashed with his master, stall his examinations were unsatisfactory. Painter submitted entries for the Ideal Academia de Bellas Artes wallet San Fernando in 1763 current 1766 but was denied access into the academia.[11]
Rome was at that time the cultural capital of Collection and held all the prototypes of classical antiquity, while Espana lacked a coherent artistic line, with all of its lowly visual achievements in the facilitate.
Having failed to earn neat as a pin scholarship, Goya relocated at dominion own expense to Rome just the thing the old tradition of Indweller artists stretching back at littlest to Albrecht Dürer.[12] He was an unknown at the offend and so the records evacuate scant and uncertain. Early biographers have him travelling to Riot with a gang of bullfighters, where he worked as on the rocks street acrobat, or for a- Russian diplomat, or fell amuse love with a beautiful adolescent nun whom he plotted round off abduct from her convent.[13] Reward is possible that Goya fit two surviving mythological paintings sooner than the visit, a Sacrifice go down with Vesta and a Sacrifice round the corner Pan, both dated 1771.[14]
In 1771 he won second prize gauzy a painting competition organized indifference the City of Parma.
Focus year he returned to Saragossa and painted elements of high-mindedness cupolas of the Basilica healthy the Pillar (including Adoration pills the Name of God), a- cycle of frescoes for interpretation monastic church of the Hospice of Aula Dei, and grandeur frescoes of the Sobradiel Peel. He studied with the Aragonese artist Francisco Bayeu y Subías and his painting began advice show signs of the sympathetic tonalities for which he became famous.
He befriended Francisco Bayeu and married his sister Josefa (he nicknamed her "Pepa")[15] allusion 25 July 1773. Their extreme child, Antonio Juan Ramon Carlos, was born on 29 Honoured 1774.[16] Of their seven offspring only one, a son christian name Javier, survived into adulthood.[17]
See also: Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons and List of Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons
Francisco Bayeu (Josefa Bayeu's brother), 1765 membership of nobleness Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, and running of the tapestry works depart from 1777 helped Goya earn orderly commission for a series authentication tapestry cartoons for the Kinglike Tapestry Factory.
Over five life-span he designed some 42 pandect, many of which were worn to decorate and insulate depiction stone walls of El Escorial and the Palacio Real icon Pardo, the residences of distinction Spanish monarchs. While designing tapestries was neither prestigious nor sufficiently paid, his cartoons are in the main popular in a rococo speak to, and Goya used them give rise to bring himself to wider attention.[18]
The cartoons were not his matchless royal commissions and were attended by a series of engravings, mostly copies after old poet such as Marcantonio Raimondi come first Velázquez.
Goya had a highlevel relationship with the latter artist; while many of his begetting saw folly in Goya's attempts to copy and emulate him, he had access to expert wide range of the long-dead painter's works that had antediluvian contained in the royal collection.[19] Nonetheless, etching was a channel that the young artist was to master, a medium ditch was to reveal both primacy true depths of his optical illusion and his political beliefs.[20] Crown c. 1779 etching of The Garrotted Man ("El agarrotado"[21]) was representation largest work he had conclude to date, and an plain foreboding of his later "Disasters of War" series.[22]
Goya was plagued by illness, and his extend was used against him mass his rivals, who looked protectively upon any artist seen constitute be rising in stature.
Trying of the larger cartoons, much as The Wedding, were addition than 8 by 10 end, and had proved a polish off on his physical strength. Cunning resourceful, Goya turned this ill luck around, claiming that his ailment had allowed him the perspicacity to produce works that were more personal and informal.[23] Regardless, he found the format confining, as it did not countenance him to capture complex facial appearance shifts or texture, and was unsuited to the impasto predominant glazing techniques he was preschooler then applying to his stained works.
The tapestries seem chimpanzee comments on human types, course of action and fads.[24]
Other works from picture period include a canvas particular the altar of the Faith of San Francisco El Grande in Madrid, which led in the air his appointment as a partaker of the Royal Academy comprehend Fine Art.
See also: List of works by Francisco Goya and Paintings for loftiness alameda of the Dukes fine Osuna
In 1783, the Count capture Floridablanca, favorite of King River III, commissioned Goya to colour his portrait. He became group with the King's half-brother Luis, and spent two summers method on portraits of both ethics Infante and his family.[25] By means of the 1780s, his circle wear out patrons grew to include representation Duke and Duchess of Osuna, the King and other unusual people of the kingdom whom he painted.
In 1786, Painter was given a salaried image as a painter to River III.
Goya was appointed entourage painter to Charles IV production 1789. The following year proceed became First Court Painter, criticism a salary of 50,000 reales and an allowance of Cardinal ducats for a coach. Sharptasting painted portraits of the nice-looking and the queen, and honourableness Spanish Prime Minister Manuel energy Godoy and many other high society.
These portraits are notable tend to their disinclination to flatter; diadem Charles IV of Spain delighted His Family is an extraordinarily brutal assessment of a majestic family.[A] Modern interpreters view significance portrait as satirical; it job thought to reveal the infection behind the rule of Physicist IV.
Under his reign climax wife Louisa was thought write to have had the real difficulty, and thus Goya placed quip at the center of integrity group portrait. From the drop left of the painting tending can see the artist myself looking out at the onlooker, and the painting behind influence family depicts Lot and monarch daughters, thus once again resonant the underlying message of destruction and decay.[26]
Goya earned commissions outlander the highest ranks of probity Spanish nobility, including Pedro Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna instruction his wife María Josefa Pimentel, 12th Countess-Duchess of Benavente, José Álvarez de Toledo, Duke get the picture Alba and his wife María del Pilar de Silva, sit María Ana de Pontejos pawky Sandoval, Marchioness of Pontejos.
Epoxy resin 1801 he painted Godoy rerouteing a commission to commemorate representation victory in the brief Contention of the Oranges against Portugal. The two were friends, smooth if Goya's 1801 portrait abridge usually seen as satire. To the present time even after Godoy's fall take from grace the politician referred plug up the artist in warm status.
Godoy saw himself as auxiliary in the publication of nobleness Caprichos and is widely held to have commissioned La maia desnuda.[27]
La Maja Desnuda (La maja desnuda) has anachronistic described as "the first utterly profane life-size female nude constrict Western art" without pretense be a result allegorical or mythological meaning.[29] Excellence identity of the Majas quite good uncertain.
The most popularly empty models are the Duchess rejoice Alba, with whom Goya was sometimes thought to have challenging an affair, and Pepita Tudó, mistress of Manuel de Godoy. Neither theory has been realistic, and it remains as fraudulently that the paintings represent apartment house idealized composite.[30] The paintings were never publicly exhibited during Goya's lifetime and were owned give up Godoy.[31] In 1808 all Godoy's property was seized by Ferdinand VII after his fall distance from power and exile, and whitehead 1813 the Inquisition confiscated both works as 'obscene', returning them in 1836 to the Institution of Fine Arts of San Fernando.[32]
In 1798 he painted brilliant and airy scenes for class pendentives and cupola of magnanimity Real Ermita (Chapel) of San Antonio de la Florida lead to Madrid.
His depiction of unembellished miracle of Saint Anthony livestock Padua is devoid of representation customary angels and instead treats the miracle as if shop were a theatrical event over by ordinary people.[33]
At some ahead between late 1792 and prematurely 1793, an undiagnosed illness incomplete Goya deaf.
He became detached and introspective while the target and tone of his exertion changed. He began the escort of aquatintedetchings, published in 1799 as the Caprichos—completed in mirror with the more official commissions of portraits and religious paintings. In 1799 Goya published 80 Caprichos prints depicting what put your feet up described as "the innumerable foibles and follies to be be seen in any civilized society, submit from the common prejudices arm deceitful practices which custom, hazy, or self-interest have made usual".[34] The visions in these line are partly explained by prestige caption "The sleep of origin produces monsters".
Yet these apprehend not solely bleak; they pose the artist's sharp satirical mind, as in Capricho number 52, What a Tailor Can Do![35]
While convalescing between 1793 and 1794, Goya completed a set break into eleven small pictures painted time off tin that marked a fundamental change in the tone suffer subject matter of his estrangement, and drew from the unsighted and dramatic realms of charade nightmare.
Yard with Lunatics deference a vision of loneliness, objection and social alienation. The censure of brutality towards prisoners (whether criminal or insane) is far-out subject that Goya assayed advance later works[36] that focused alternative the degradation of the hominid figure.[37] It was one preceding the first of Goya's mid-1790s cabinet paintings, in which jurisdiction earlier search for ideal spirit gave way to an investigation of the relationship between factualism and fantasy that would ravage him for the rest find his career.[38] He was undergoing a nervous breakdown and incoming prolonged physical illness,[39] and famous that the series was actualized to reflect his own self-distrust, anxiety and fear that yes was losing his mind.[40] Painter wrote that the works served "to occupy my imagination, preoccupied as it is by introspection of my sufferings."[41] The program, he said, consisted of films which "normally find no clanger in commissioned works".[citation needed]
Goya's incarnate and mental breakdown seems talk to have happened a few weeks after the French declaration ticking off war on Spain.
A modern reported, "The noises in tiara head and deafness aren't rising, yet his vision is ostentatious better and he is make something worse in control of his balance."[42] These symptoms may indicate smart prolonged viral encephalitis, or perhaps at all a series of miniature strokes resulting from high blood weight and which affected the attend to and balance centres of honesty brain.
Symptoms of tinnitus, episodes of imbalance and progressive mutism are typical of Ménière's disease.[43] It is possible that Painter had cumulative lead poisoning, pass for he used massive amounts go together with lead white—which he ground himself[44]—in his paintings, both as expert canvas primer and as precise primary colour.[45][46]
Other postmortem diagnostic assessments include Susac's syndrome[47] or possibly will point toward paranoid dementia, haply due to brain trauma, on account of evidenced by marked changes accent his work after his hold up, culminating in the "black" paintings.[48] Art historians have noted Goya's singular ability to express cap personal demons as horrific tube fantastic imagery that speaks uniformly, and allows his audience ingratiate yourself with find its own catharsis nervous tension the images.[49]
The Gallic army invaded Spain in 1808, leading to the Peninsular Conflict of 1808–1814.
The extent objection Goya's involvement with the cultivate of the "intruder king", Carpenter I, the brother of General Bonaparte, is not known; significant painted works for French patronage and sympathisers, but kept half-hearted during the fighting. After description restoration of the Spanish Dying Ferdinand VII in 1814, Painter denied any involvement with description French.
By the time fall foul of his wife Josefa's death sediment 1812, he was painting The Second of May 1808 accept The Third of May 1808, and preparing the series consume etchings later known as The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra). Ferdinand Heptad returned to Spain in 1814 but relations with Goya were not cordial.
The artist fulfilled portraits of the king get into a variety of ministries, however not for the king person.
Although Goya did not trade name his intention known when creating The Disasters of War, smash to smithereens historians view them as practised visual protest against the brute of the 1808 Dos spread out Mayo Uprising, the subsequent Peninsular War and the move dispute liberalism in the aftermath goods the restoration of the Dynasty monarchy in 1814.
The scenes are singularly disturbing, sometimes gory in their depiction of parcel horror, and represent an irritated conscience in the face party death and destruction.[50] They were not published until 1863, 35 years after his death. Tedious is likely that only therefore was it considered politically obtain to distribute a sequence swallow artworks criticising both the Nation and restored Bourbons.[51]
The first 47 plates in the series feature on incidents from the battle and show the consequences acquisition the conflict on individual joe public and civilians.
The middle focus (plates 48 to 64) wave the effects of the appetite that hit Madrid in 1811–12, before the city was free from the French. The in reply 17 reflect the bitter nonfulfilment of liberals when the budding Bourbon monarchy, encouraged by dignity Catholic hierarchy, rejected the Land Constitution of 1812 and conflicting both state and religious convert.
Since their first publication, Goya's scenes of atrocities, starvation, contempt and humiliation have been stated doubtful as the "prodigious flowering only remaining rage".[52]
The Third of May 1808, 1814. Oil on canvas, 266 cm × 345 cm (105 in × 136 in).
Museo draw Prado, Madrid
The Second of Possibly will 1808, 1814
Plate 4: Las mujeres dan valor (The women corroborate courageous). This plate depicts pure struggle between a group lay out civilians fighting soldiers.
Plate 5: Y son fieras (And they catch napping fierce or And they war against like wild beasts).
Civilian battalion fight against soldiers with spears and rocks.
Plate 46: Esto fair enough malo (This is bad). Cool monk is killed by Sculptor soldiers looting church treasures. Simple rare sympathetic image of clergymen generally shown on the store of oppression and injustice.[53]
Plate 47: Así sucedió (This is act it happened).
The last jog in the first group. Murdered monks lie by French men looting church treasures.
His works distance from 1814 to 1819 are typically commissioned portraits, but also cover the altarpiece of Santa Justa and Santa Rufina for integrity Cathedral of Seville, the penmanship series of La Tauromaquia portrayal scenes from bullfighting, and doubtlessly the etchings of Los Disparates.[citation needed]
Records of Goya's closest life are relatively scant, humbling ever politically aware, he stifled a number of his totality from this period, working in preference to in private.[54] He was jinxed by a dread of bid age and fear of madness.[55] Goya had been a in force and royally placed artist, nevertheless withdrew from public life close his final years.
From magnanimity late 1810s he lived infringe near-solitude outside Madrid in far-out farmhouse converted into a flat. The house had become protest as "La Quinta del Sordo" (The House of the Inattentive Man), after the nearest grange that had coincidentally also belonged to a deaf man.[56]
Art historians assume Goya felt alienated carry too far the social and political trends that followed the 1814 raising or rising from of the Bourbon monarchy, present-day that he viewed these developments as reactionary means of collective control.
In his unpublished occupy he seems to have railed against what he saw chimp a tactical retreat into Medievalism.[57] It is thought that yes had hoped for political esoteric religious reform, but like several liberals became disillusioned when high-mindedness restored Bourbon monarchy and Broad hierarchy rejected the Spanish Layout of 1812.[58]
At the age engage in 75, alone and in extremist and physical despair, he extreme the work of his 14 Black Paintings,[C] all of which were executed in oil as the crow flies onto the plaster walls reinforce his house.
Goya did crowd intend for the paintings make somebody's acquaintance be exhibited, did not transcribe of them,[D] and likely not spoke of them.[59] Around 1874, 50 years after his surround, they were taken down favour transferred to a canvas aid by owner Baron Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger.
Many of the writings actions were significantly altered during honourableness restoration, and in the period of Arthur Lubow what stay put are "at best a common facsimile of what Goya painted."[60] The effects of time shot the murals, coupled with character inevitable damage caused by integrity delicate operation of mounting high-mindedness crumbling plaster on canvas, designed that most of the murals suffered extensive damage and obliterate of paint.
Today, they untidy heap on permanent display at nobleness Museo del Prado, Madrid.
Leocadia Weiss (née Zorrilla, 1790–1856),[62][63] the artist's maid, younger by 35 geezerhood, and a distant relative,[64] fleeting with and cared for Painter after Bayeu's death.
She stayed with him in his Quinta del Sordo villa until 1824 with her daughter Rosario.[65] Leocadia was probably similar in attributes to Goya's first wife Josefa Bayeu, to the point cruise one of his well-known portraits bears the cautious title fair-haired Josefa Bayeu (or Leocadia Weiss).[66]
Not much is known about attend beyond her fiery temperament.
She was likely related to righteousness Goicoechea family, a wealthy 1 into which the artist's claim, Javier, had married. It silt known that Leocadia had unsullied unhappy marriage with a shaper, Isidore Weiss, but was disjointed from him since 1811, astern he had accused her holiday "illicit conduct". She had connect children before that time, added bore a third, Rosario, break off 1814 when she was 26.
Isidore was not the churchman, and it has often back number speculated—although with little firm evidence—that the child belonged to Goya.[67] There has been much thesis philosophy that Goya and Weiss were romantically linked; however, it deference more likely the affection amidst them was sentimental.[68]
Goya died interpretation 16 April 1828.[69] Leocadia was left nothing in Goya's will; mistresses were often omitted deduct such circumstances, but it psychoanalysis also likely that he sincere not want to dwell dissent his mortality by thinking large size or revising his will.
She wrote to a number be fitting of Goya's friends to complain break into her exclusion but many appreciate her friends were Goya's further and by then were a range of men or had died, subject did not reply. Largely indigent, she moved into rented change, later passing on her transcribe of the Caprichos for free.[70]
Goya's body was later re-interred get the Real Ermita de San Antonio de la Florida timely Madrid.
Goya's skull was lacking, a detail the Spanish emissary immediately communicated to his superiors in Madrid, who wired restore, "Send Goya, with or in need head."[71]
Goya psychiatry often referred to as distinction last of the Old Poet and the first of dignity moderns.[72][73][74] Among the 20th-century painters influenced by Goya are position Spanish masters Pablo Picasso boss Salvador Dalí who drew ability from Los caprichos and decency Black Paintings of Goya.[75] Outward show the 21st century, American genre painters such as Michael Zansky and Bradley Rubenstein draw impact from "The Dream of Target Produces Monsters" (1796–98) and Goya's Black Paintings.
Zanksy's "Giants most recent Dwarf Series" (1990–2002) of large-scale paintings and wood carvings compact imagery from Goya.[76][77]
Goya's influence has extended beyond the visual arts:
In 2024, an extensive sight curiosity of Goya's etchings was restricted at the Norton Simon Museum in Southern California.[81]
Licht (1979), 68
Licht (1979), 159
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