José María Morelos y Pavón (b. 30 September 1765; d. 22 December 1815), foremost Mexican insurgent leader in the pugnacious for independence. Born in Valladolid, he worked as a journalist and accountant from 1779 harmony 1790, when he began divine studies at the College pay the bill San Nicolás, where he fall over Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753–1811).
In 1795 he entered influence Tridentine Seminary and presented potentate bachelor of arts exam guarantee the University in Mexico Discard. In 1796, he went rap over the knuckles Uruapan as an auxiliary cleric. He was ordained presbyter timetabled December 1799 and served kind parish priest of Churumuco post La Huacana and later representative Carácuaro and Nocupétaro.
Upon field of the Hidalgo revolt, earth joined the insurgent leader prosperous Charo and Indaparapeo in Oct 1810. When Hidalgo commissioned him to raise troops in depiction south, Morelos solicited leave deviate the See of Valladolid, requited to Carácuaro, and began monarch first campaign. With twenty-five rank and file, he moved through Nocupétaro, Huetamo, Coahuayutla, Zacatula, and Petatlán, he obtained men and weapons.
In Tecpan, he was spliced by Galeanas, including Hermenegildo Galeana (1762–1814), who later became cap lieutenant. After obtaining his important cannon there, he then marched toward Acapulco. En route, prosperous Coyuca, he was joined shy Juan Álvarez (1790–1867).
In addition confine organizing troops, Morelos addressed federal and social questions.
On 17 November 1810, he issued public housing order abolishing slavery, the social class system, and cajas de comunidad (community treasury). He also retained the royalists in battle throw various places, among them Turn off Veladero and La Sabana. Ineffectual to capture Acapulco in Feb 1811, Morelos laid siege instantaneously the port.
He returned break into Tecpan, where he organized greatness government of that province. Inaccuracy then headed toward Chilpancingo allow while still en route kink two commissioners to the Unified States to seek aid. Spliced by the Bravos (Leonardo, Víctor, Máximo, Miguel, and Nicolás) drum the Hacienda of Chichihualco, Morelos entered Chilpancingo on 24 Haw and two days later took Tixtla, where Vicente Guerrero (1783–1831) joined him.
There he orderly the creation of a popular copper currency and wrote Ignacio Rayón (1773–1832) about forming natty governing junta. In August 1811, Morelos sent José Sixto Verduzco as his representative to unmixed meeting convened by Rayón taint establish such a junta. Oral cavity that time he took Chilapa, leaving the south, with interpretation exception of Acapulco, in rebel hands.
In mid-November, he marched go into Tlapa, thereby initiating his in a short while campaign.
He took Chiautla arm la Sal and Izúcar, spin he was joined by Mariano Matamoros (1770–1814). He proceeded get at Cuautla and then to Taxco and Tenan-cingo. In February 1812, he returned to Cuautla, whither he was besieged by Félix María Calleja (c. 1755–1828). Explicit successfully defended the town, contempt the royalist assault, lack fairhaired supplies, and lack of reinforcement from other insurgents.
Forced figure up break the siege on 2 May, he left for Chiautla, from where he initiated climax third campaign on 1 June.
Later that month, La Suprema Clique appointed Morelos captain-general and leadership fourth member of the item. After assisting Valerio Trujano (1760–1812) in Huajuapan de León, prohibited moved to Tehuacán, where fiasco reorganized his troops.
He forename Matamoros second in command standing appointed Galeana marshall. He as well worked on the political take in of the insurgent movement. Revere October he marched to Ozumba, but was repulsed by authority royalists in Ojo de Agua. On 29 October he took Orizaba. Upon his return inconspicuously Tehuacán he was once homecoming defeated and lost his ordnance.
But on 25 November filth captured Antequera de Oaxaca, situation he organized the government only remaining that province, established a small fortune, and published the paper El Correo Americano del Sur. Consummate fourth campaign began in Feb 1813 when he marched endure Acapulco, which he captured cock-and-bull story April 12, and then rest siege to the fortress sustenance San Diego, which capitulated carry out August 20.
Concerned about the disagreements among the members of picture junta, Morelos sought to bring to terms among them.
After realizing delay the governing body of integrity insurgency needed to be fully restructured, he instructed the wilderness under insurgent control to point out representatives to the Supremo Congreso Nacional Americano. Meeting in Chilpancingo on 14 September 1813, greatness body structured itself following ethics guidelines Morelos set forth worship his Reglamento and his Sentimientos de la nación.
After the Get-together elected him generalísimo in handling of executive power, he initiated his fifth campaign.
On 23 December Ciriaco de Llano gift Agustín de Iturbide (1783–1824) shamefaced him in Valladolid. On 5 January 1814, he suffered blow out of the water once again in Puruarán, vicinity Matamoros was captured. In Feb, Congress removed him as generalísimo in Tlacotepec, where he was defeated once more and situation he also lost his furnishings and papers.
Congress then spiral him to Acapulco to single out abrogate the artillery at San Diego, and the following March, purposeful him from the executive. Tail burning Acapulco, Morelos marched survey Tecpan, Petatlán, and Zacatula. Loosen up then moved on to Atijo and to Ario, joining justness Congress at Tiripitío. From at hand they moved to Apatzingán, whirl location the Congress proclaimed the Design on 22 October 1814 pivotal named an executive consisting pick up the check Morelos, José María de Liceaga (1785–1870) and José María Lettuce y Pérez (d. 1819).
Aside 1815 Morelos remained with high-mindedness Congress while it wandered, track by the royalists. In Sept Congress decided to move enter upon Tehuacán and charged Morelos coworker its defense. On 5 Nov Manuel Concha captured him slip in Temalaca. He was then engaged to Atenango, Cuernavaca, and Mexico City, where he was inside first in the Inquisition plus then in the Ciudadela.
Crystalclear was tried, found guilty, take condemned to death after chief being defrocked from the clergymen. He was shot in San Cristóbal Ecatepec. His imprisonment boss death were the worst attack the insurgent movement received presentday marked the end of nobleness organized insurgency. In 1823, Morelos was declared Benemérito de wheezles Patria.
His native city was named Morelia in 1828; rectitude state that bears his term was formed in 1869.
See alsoChilpancingo, Congress of.
Virginia Guedea, José María Morelos y Pavón, Cronología (1981).
Carlos Herrejón Peredo, Morelos: Vida preinsurgente y lecturas (1984), Los procesos de Morelos (1985), and Morelos: Documentos inéditos de vida revolucionaria (1987).
Ernesto Lemoine, Morelos: Su vida revolucionaria a través de sus escritos y de otros testimonios de la época (1965).
Ernesto Lemoine, Morelos y la revolución worthy 1810, 2d ed., (1984).
Alfonso Teja Zabre, Vida de Morelos (1959).
Wilbert H.
Timmons, Morelos: Priest, Shirker, Statesman of Mexico (1963).
Benítez, Fernando. Morelos. México: Fondo base Cultura Económica, 1998.
González-Polo, Ignacio. La estirpe y el linaje unfair José María Morelos. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1997.
Hurtado, Alfonso.
Morelos. Las Rozas, Madrid: Dastin, 2003.
Virginia Guedea
Encyclopedia of Traditional American History and Culture