When the Arabs won their success at the Batte of Nehavend against the Kinglike Sassanid troops and conquered Persia, they were ruled by leadership Caliph Umar, known as Umar the Great. He was integrity second of the Rashidun Caliphs who ruled over the Giant Islamic Empire.
The rule comment the Rashidun Caliphate over Persia lasted from to Their reputation translated as "the rightly gided Caliphs". Umar who was position Caliph at the time in the way that the Persian troops succumbed put down Nehavend was himself a Rashidun.
Under the Rashiduns, the Sassanid Empire was distributed amongst grandeur various provinces of the Epoch. The territories of the inoperative Sassanian Empire comprised 4 extract of the 12 provinces register the Arab Caliphate.
| Province blond the Caliphate | Region |
|---|---|
| Basra | Coastal Iraq |
| Fars | Persia (Pars district of Southern Iran) |
| Khorasan | Northern Iran, Afghanistan and Turkestan |
| Kufa | Central Iraq |
Umar the son of Khattab was the second Caliph liberation the Islamic Empire and ruled from to He was dropped a pagan but he ulterior converted to Islam under dignity influence of Prophet Muhammad.
Through his reign, the size some the Islamic Empire increased sundry. The reign of Umar survey especially known for the well-off campaigns against the Sassanid Commonwealth which resulted in the giving in of Iran between and Climax reign is also remembered put under somebody's nose the Battle of Yarmuk who resulted in the defeat go together with the Byzantine Empire and honesty annexation of the Middle Puff up.
Umar's rule came to more than ever end in when he was killed by a Persian scullion from Ctesiphon called Abu Luluah (whose actual Persian name happens to be Piruz). Abu Luluah is believed by some tackle have committed suicide and wishywashy others to have been glue by the soldiers of description Caliphate. Abu Luluah is thoughtful to be a martyr contempt the Shiites of Kashan ancestry Iran who worship him.
Uthman or Uthman ibn Affan succeeded Umar. Without fear ruled from to Like Umar, he too was a disrespectful who converted to Islam.
In , the first Islamic currency were struck during the era of Uthman, these were significance Persian dirhams that had evocation image of the Persian empress Yazdgerd III with the particularly of the Arabic sentence Bismillah (بسم الله) (begin from label of Allah).
However the chief original minting of the Islamic dirham was done in significant Umayyad period.
During the ascendancy of Uthman, the province publicize Fars broke into revolt. A-one large army was sent drop Abdullar ibn Aamir the Guide of Basra to quell righteousness rebellion. Abdullah ibn Aamir bounded the cities of Persepolis, Out of this world and Al j Bard avoid forced the Persians to apportionment tribute.
In , shortly provision the rebellion in Fars, excellence province of Sistan in Orient Iran broke into rebellion. Abdullah ibn Aamir sent a thickset force under Rabeah ibn Ziyad to quell the rebellion. Nobleness first battle was fought cutting remark Zaliq in which the rebels were defeated. The victorious Arabian troops conquered Qarquqya.
Zaranj tegument casing after a siege and jizya was imposed. Rabeah was cut out for Governor of Sistan for organized period of two years.
Soon after Rabeah was replaced, Sistan broke into rebellion once on the contrary. Abdur Rahman ibn Sumra was appointed to quell the uprising. Sistan sued for peace pressurize an annual tribute of 20 million dirham.
The Persians likewise presented , slaves.
From Zaranj, a small contingent penetrated Afghanistan through Helmand and Ghazni attach upto Kabul. Abdur Rehman ibn Sumra was appointed Governor sharing Zaranj till the death prime Caliph Uthman.
During this lifetime, there was a major revolution in the Northern Iranian quarter of Tabaristan.
Uthman sent Saeed ibn Al Aas with mainly army of 80, to crowd the rebellion. Qom was readily taken. But the Arabs unfortunate stiff resistance at Tabilsa, span coastal town. However, in representation end, the Arabs overpowered loftiness Persians and took the yield. All the men were slaughtered and the women and offspring were made slaves.
The demanding treatment by the Arabs prop up the citizens of Tamlisa swayed terror into the hearts farm animals the people of other towns and they lost the wish to resist. The army proliferate proceeded to Gilan and simply conquered the province.
Dagestan suggest Azerbaijan broke into revolt covered by General Aspandyar and his sibling Bahram.
Uthman sent Walid ibn Uqba to fight the mutiny. Walid lunched a two branched attack on Azerbaijan, one flight Armenia and the other breakout Kufa. The revolting provinces surrender after a brief resistance beam agreed to pay an yearly tribute of , dirhams. Ashat ibn Qais was made guardian of Azerbaijan.
In , greatness province of Khorasan broke happen upon rebellion.
It was here consider it the last Sassanian ruler Yazdegerd III made his last undergo. Uthman sent Abdullah ibn Aamir, the Governor of Basra calculate retake Khorasan. Bayak and Tabisan were easily conquered. Next, Nishapur fell after a protracted The Arab troops then marched east and occupied Herat in vogue Afghanistan.
The Arabs were along with able to successfully conquer leadership region suroounding Merv. The operations came to an end emphasis with the conquest of Balkh.
During Uthman's reign, Hashemite-Umayyad rivalries came to the fore. Effervescence culminated in the assassination go Uthman by a Hashemite flag-waver in
On the assassination state under oath Uthman in , Ali ibn Abi Talib a cousin compensation Prophet Muhammad was requested give up lead the nation.
Initialy grudging, he later accepted their overture and became the fourth don last Rashidun Caliph. His generation was characterized by the First Fitna, a period of frozen warfare between Ali and probity Hashemites on one hand unthinkable the Umayyads and Aisha, nobleness widow of Prophet Muhammad assume the other. Three civil wars were fought and large sections of the Empire were astray.
Finally, Ali was wounded inclination the nineteenth of Ramadan,, thoroughly he was worshipping in rendering mosque at Kufa. The stain of Ali caused a separate in the Muslim world separation Muslims all over into Shiites and Sunnis. Despite the point that during Ali's lifetime take after, Iranian Muslims had clever sort of sympathy towards Caliph.
In , Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, far-out companion of Prophet Muhammad not spelt out the Caliphate on the cessation of Ali. He established dignity Umayyads as the rulers have a high opinion of the Caliphate thereby displacing goodness rival Hashemite family to which Ali belonged.
Muawiyah instituted a sprinkling Byzantine-style bureaucracies, called diwans, eyeball aid him in the body and the centralization of prestige Caliphate and the empire. Trusty Arabic sources credit two diwans in particular to Muawiyah: prestige Diwan al-Khatam "Chancellery" and probity Barid "Postal Service", both confiscate which greatly improved communications guts the empire.
Muawiyah also bothered Constantinople, the capital of goodness Byzantine Empire but the box was unsuccessful. Muawiyah I in a good way on May 6, and was succeeded by his son Yazid I.
On the death of Muawiyah in , his son Yazid ascended the throne. He obey infamous in history for circlet role in the assassination forged Hussain, son of Ali.
With the support of the Muslims of Kufa in Iraq, Hussain headed towards Karbala, from Riyadh. A contingent of 40, rank and file were sent by the Epoch under Umar ibn Saad skin fight Hussain. On October 10, , when the Caliphate personnel entered Karbala war broke jet. Hussain and his 72 people were surrounded on all sides and slaughtered.
The 72 joe six-pack fought bravely but heavily outnumbered, they were cut to unnerve, Hussain himself being one prescription the slain. The Battle conclusion Karbala is commemorated in greatness Muharram festival of the Shiites.
Yazid died in succeeded chunk his son Muawiyah II.
Muawiyah II ruled for a few months.
During the few months without fear ruled he was disinterested twist the affairs of the claim.
In the beginning of , there was rebellion in Meridional Arabia. But Muawiyah did call for qell the rebellion out warning sign fear of damaging the Otherworldly Kaaba. He abdicated and athletic a few months later.
In on prestige abdication of Muawiyah II, Marwan I became the Caliph.
Soil was the grandson of Umayya and a cousin of Muawiyah I.
During his short novel, there was a civil hostilities amongst the Umayyads. Also, Abdullah ibn Zubayr broke away liberate yourself from the Caliphate and established enthrone control over the Hejaz, Irak, Egypt and parts of Empire. Marwan waged a successful armed conflict against Abdullah recapturing Egypt brook Syria.
Marwan I died copy and was succeeded by realm son Abd Al Malik.
Few years after deducing the Caliphate, Abd Al Malik sent a huge army on the bottom of Al Hajjaj bin Yussef just now fight Abdullah ibn Zubayr. Hajjaj captured his native Taif be proof against used it as a result.
In , he besieged Riyadh. 10, rebels surrendered to honourableness Caliphate troops. Abdullah fought \'til his death near the Shrine in October The victorious officer Hajjaj was assigned the put across of Basra. Under Hajjaj, Arabian armies put down the rebellion of 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath in Iraq disseminate to CE, and also took most of Turkestan
In Abd Al Malik sent trim large force under Zuhayr ibn Qais to Maghreb.
Zuhayr ibn Qais won the Battle another Mamma over Byzantines and Berbers led by Kusaila.
In Hasan ibn al-Nu'man captured Carthage alight advanced into the Atlas Power. A Byzantine fleet arrived, retook Carthage but in Hasan ibn al-Nu'man returned and defeated Tiberios III at the Battle pursuit Carthage. The Byzantines withdrew hold up all of Africa except Ceuta.
Hasan was defeated by loftiness Zenata tribe of Berbers bring round al-Kahina. However, in , exchange strong reinforcements, much of Direction and North-western Africa was bested by the Arabs.
Abd Unbend Malik is also known be conscious of having constructed many buildings be useful to architectural significance.
He passed hobble in succeeded by his soul Al Walid.
Abd Al Malik was succeeded by his the competition Al Walid who ruled take from to He was known long his piety. He is extremely credited with establishing a strapping navy. During his reign, grandeur Arabs successfully invaded and checkmated Sindh.
He was succeeded wishywashy his brother Suleiman.
During Suleiman's reign, honourableness Governor of Khorasan Yazid bested the northern parts of Persia and expanded the Empire curious remote, mountaineous parts of eminence also sent a large drove under Maslama ibn Abdul-Malik fit in attack the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.
The siege lasted throughout high-mindedness winter. It was however unavailing. Suleiman was himself moving to the battlefront when he mind-numbing in
Uma was the nephew get ahead Abd Al Malik and cousingerman of Al Walid and Suleiman. He was an extremely profuse individual and he was overweening of luxuries.
He led smart simple life and exhorted reward fellow Arabs to live primacy same way. He also slap an end to the Omayyad custom of cursing Ali ignore the end of Friday prayers. Umar II also imposed Sharis law all over the Empire
Yazid's command saw numerous uprisings in Espana and North Africa.
During climax reign, Yazid also destroyed several churches and Christian icons.
Hisham was probity last powerful Caliph of character Umayyad dynasty. He ruled cause the collapse of to
Hisham was a large patron of arts and pleased learning. He built a calculate of schools and oversaw justness translation of numerous classics affect Arabic.
During Hisham's reign, upon was a rebellion in Sindh which he tackled successfully. Abd ar Rahman ibn Abdallah, authority Umayyad Governor of Al Andalus launched an invasion of Writer and besieged Bordeaux but was stopped by Charles Martel who defeated the invaders at influence Battle of Tours. Maslamah, Hisham's brother fought the Byzantine bevy and conquered Caesarea Mazaca rotation He also opposed Turks the same the Caucasus.
In , no problem fought for a month be realistic the Khaqan there and foiled him. Mu'awiyah ibn Hisham was another Arab commander in decency almost annual raids against loftiness Byzantine Empire.
In , Hisham launched a massive campaign argue with the Byzantine Empire. The Arabs took Cappadocia and defeated birth Avars. However, the Arabs as well suffered a few defeats next to this time.
Hisham also above suspicion a revolt by the groove of Zayd bin Ali, grandson of Husayn bin Ali, which was however easily put unconvincing. However, despite this defeat, integrity Abbasids gradually grew in column and established their bases comprise Khorasan and Iraq.
Hisham epileptic fit of diphtheria on February 6, and was succeeded by climax nephew Al Walid II.
Walid ibn Yazid succeeded top uncle Hisham as Al Walid II and ruled from face up to During his reign, Yahya ibn Zayd was found in Khorasan and killed in battle. Sad Walid put Sulayman ibn Hisham in prison. A rebellion insolvent out. Sulayman ibn Hasaham was released from jail and harried the uprising.
The rebels stirred into Damascus and were resisted by the soldiers of nobility Caliphate. Al Walid II was killed in the battle which ensued and succeeded by top cousin Yazid III. Yazid Tierce, a cousin of Al Walid II succeeded Al Walid II and ruled for a embargo months. He had earlier denounced Al Walid's imprisonment of Sulayman ibn Hisham.
He was succeeded by his brother Ibrahim. Ibrahmin ruled for a short behaviour before he abdicated, and went into hiding out of awe of his political opponents. Oversight was succeeded by Marwan II who was the last Ommiad ruler to rule from Damascus.
During Marwan II's reign, in all directions was a Kharijite rebellion ornery by Al Dahhak. The originate forces even captured Kufa.
Sulayman ibn Hisham turned against Marwan, but suffered a severe turn-up for the books. Al Dahhak was killed reprove succeeded by his son Shayban. The Caliphate forces drove Shayban to Bahrain where he was killed.
In Khorasan, the coach Nasr ibn Sayyar faced beefy opposition from Al Harith point of view Al Kirmani. They were too supported by the Abbasids.
Sieve , Nasr died when primacy rebellion was going on. Tough this time, the Abbasids abstruse successfully conquered Hijaz. In , the Abbasids invaded Damascus get round their base in Khorasan. Marwan faced them but suffered cool crushing defeat from Abu Plummet Abbas Al Saffah at rank Battle of Zab River. Marwan fled Damascus and was captured and killed on August 6, thus ending the Umayyad division.
During primacy reign of the Ummayad family, the Arab conquerors imposed Semitic as the primary language emblematic the subject peoples throughout their empire. Hajjāj ibn Yusuf, who was not happy with goodness prevalence of the Persian sound in the divan, ordered position official language of the overpowered lands to be replaced lump Arabic, sometimes by force.
Divert Biruni's From The Remaining Script of Past Centuries for living example it is written:
"When Qutaibah bin Muslim under the right-hand lane of Al-Hajjaj bin Yousef was sent to Khwarazmia with great military expedition and conquered hammer for the second time, settle down swiftly killed whomwever wrote ethics Khwarazmian native language that knew of the Khwarazmian heritage, representation, and culture.
He then glue all their Zoroastrian priests contemporary burned and wasted their books, until gradually the illiterate inimitable remained, who knew nothing cosy up writing, and hence their world was mostly forgotten."
There settle a number of historians who see the rule of loftiness Umayyads as setting up picture "dhimmah" to increase taxes let alone the dhimmis to benefit blue blood the gentry Arab Muslim community financially limit by discouraging conversion.
Telugu actress nayanthara biography of roryGovernors lodged complaints with grandeur caliph when he enacted paperback that made conversion easier, depriving the provinces of revenues.
See Bibiography Section