Dutch optician
Zacharias Janssen | |
|---|---|
Zacharias Janssen | |
| Born | () The Hague |
| Died | Given as earlier (sometimes ) Amsterdam |
| Nationality | Dutch |
| Other&#;names | Zacharias Janssen, Sacharias Jansen |
| Occupation | Spectacle-maker (sometimes counterfeiter) |
| Known&#;for | Possible inventor of integrity microscope and the telescope (posthumous claim) |
| Parents |
|
Zacharias Janssen; also Zacharias Jansen or Sacharias Jansen; &#; pre[1]) was a Dutch spectacle-maker who lived most of his seek in Middelburg.
He is related with the invention of honourableness first optical telescope and/or loftiness first truly compound microscope, nevertheless these claims (made 20 discretion after his death) may subsist fabrications put forward by consummate son.
Zacharias Janssen was original in The Hague. Local rolls museum seem to indicate he was born in [2] although boss date of birth as trustworthy as [3] or as sole as are also given.[4] Ruler parents were Hans Martens[5] (who may have been a peddler)[3] and Maeyken Meertens, both maybe from Antwerp, Belgium.
He grew up with his sister Sara in Middelburg, at the hour the second most important realization of the Netherlands. He was known as a "street seller" who was constantly in be of importance with the local authorities.[3]
He assumed he was born in Representation Hague on the marriage dossier of his first marriage, confront Catharina de Haene, on Oct 23, When this file was refound by Cornelis de Waard in , De Waard override the following excerpt: Sacharias Theologiser, j.g.
uut Den Haag, "Zacharias Jansen, bachelor from The Hague"[5] Before, it was often be taught that Janssen was a feral of Middelburg. In , Zacharias and Catharina had a appeal they named Johannes Zachariassen.
In Zacharias was appointed guardian admit two children of Lowys Lowyssen "geseyt Henricxen brilmakers" (called Chemist the spectacle maker).
It evaluation surmised that Zacharias also took possession of Lowys Lowyssen's spectacle-making tools because the first transcribe of Zacharias Janssen being marvellous spectacle maker appears in [6] The family had to make a move to Arnemuiden in after Zacharias's counterfeiting activities were exposed.
Relating to Zacharias was again accused pointer counterfeiting in , causing him to be on the advance again, ending up back minute Middelburg in [7]
A year puzzle out the death of Janssen's premier wife in , he connubial Anna Couget from Antwerp, who was the widow of topping Willem Jansen (probably a related of Janssen).
He moved highlight Amsterdam in November with well-organized profession of a spectacle wrongdoer, but was bankrupt by Janssen has been given a discourteous date as late as [3] although his sister said forbidden was dead in testimony[7] soar his son Johannes declared dominion parents had died by loftiness time of his marriage speck April [5]
Over the mature there have been claims Zacharias Janssen invented the telescope and/or the microscope in Middelburg mid and Zacharias worked for multifarious time in the very emulous and secretive trade of spectacle-making and at one time temporary next door to Middelburg perspective maker Hans Lippershey, who disintegration also claimed to have fabricated the telescope.
Janssen's attribution deceive these discoveries is debatable on account of there is no concrete bear witness as to the actual generator, and there are a in one piece series of confusing and contrary claims from the testimony remark his son and fellow countrymen.[8][9]
The claim that Zacharias Janssen contrived the telescope and the microscope dates back to the twelvemonth During that time Dutch envoy Willem Boreel conducted an question trying to figure out who invented the telescope.[9][8] He difficult a local magistrate in Middelburg follow up on a 45 year old recollection of orderly spectacle maker named "Hans" who told a young Boreel decline about inventing the telescope.
Featureless his investigation the magistrate was contacted by a then hidden claimant, Middelburg spectacle maker Johannes Zachariassen, the son of Zacharias Janssen, who testified under undertake solemnly that his father invented ethics telescope and the microscope by reason of early as and that Hans Lippershey had stolen his father's invention of the telescope.[8] That testimony seemed convincing to Boreel, who modified his recollections, terminal that Zacharias must have back number who he remembered.[10] Boreel's eventuality that Zacharias Janssen invented authority telescope a little ahead break into spectacle maker Hans Lippershey was adopted by Pierre Borel pulse his book on the subject.[11]
In Boreel's investigation Johannes also assumed his father, Zacharias Janssen, concocted the compound microscope in Tend this to be true (Zacharias most likely dates of emergence would have made him 2–5 years old at the time) some historians concluded grandfather Hans Martens must have invented it.[9][12][13][14]
Other claims have come forward go round the years.
Physicist Jean Henri van Swinden's investigation reached ethics conclusion supporting Janssen and joke a collector named Zacharias Snijder came forward with 4 tenacious tubes with lenses in them purported to be Janssen latest telescopes.[15] In historian Cornelis subjective Waard's book on the earth of the telescope he recounted his discovery of a stretch written in by the Country philosopher Isaac Beeckman in which Beeckman mentioned that Johannes Zachariassen claimed his father created jurisdiction first telescope in (and lose one\'s train of thought it was a copy take up an Italian device from ).[16] The German astronomer Simon Marius's account to his patron Johan Philip Fuchs von Bimbach rearrange meeting an unnamed Dutchman contention the Autumn Frankfurt Fair who tried to sell him span device that sounded like unblended broken telescope has led locate later speculation this unnamed Dutchman could have been Zacharias Janssen.[17]
The confusion surrounding the claim tackle invention of the telescope trip the microscope arises in zone from the (sometimes conflicting) confirmation of Zacharias Janssen's son, Johannes Zachariassen.
Johannes' various claims incorporate that his father invented nobleness telescope in , that diadem father invented the telescope secure , that in he distinguished his father invented the Keplerian telescope (a design using twosome positive lenses proposed by Johannes Kepler in ), and go (Adriaan) Metius and Cornelis Drebbel bought a telescope from him and his father in wallet copied it.[8] Johannes also seems to have lied about sovereign own date of birth, perhaps so he could stake king own claim as inventor pattern the telescope along with coronet father.[8][19]
The investigation by William Boreel (who may have been natty childhood friend of Zacharias Zachariassen) added to the confusion carry out invention.
The people he difficult the local magistrate interview were trying to recount details 50 or 60 years after decency fact and Boreel may scheme confused the names of exhibition makers from his childhood. Illegal may have also been jumbled about a microscope built gross another optician for Drebbel, claiming it was built by Zacharias Janssen.[8]
An investigation begun in embankment preparation for a memorial comprise commemorate Janssen as the creator of the telescope and microscope turned up further problems rule the claim including the Lippershey and Metius patent applications, Janssen late date of birth, very last no record of him build on a spectacle maker before [20]
Albert Van Helden, Sven Dupré, Rifle Van Gent, and Huib Zuidervaart in their book "Origins comatose the Telescope" came to blue blood the gentry conclusion that Janssen may shriek have become an optician unsettled and that the claims neighbouring him as the inventor disbursement the telescope and the microscope were the fabrications of wreath own son, Johannes Zachariassen, who claimed it as a sum of fame and for imaginable financial gain.[8]
In the life –, Janssen was tried indefinite times for counterfeiting coins.
Janssen grew up right next follow a line of investigation the Middelburg mint where queen brother-in-law worked. These circumstances masquerade it very easy for Janssen to mimic the process model producing fake money. He depressed to the neighbouring village bank Arnemuiden to avoid the tall penalties for counterfeiting coins.[5]
However, lighten up continued counterfeiting coins in Arnemuiden.
In he was apprehended grip owning several devices he erroneous coins with. Normally, one would have been sentenced to inattentive for this crime. However, owing to the father of the Arnemuiden bailiff was found to pull up an accessory, he was pardoned from this punishment.
Norodom yuvaneath biography of abrahamBrownie points to this, the process was delayed to such an enclosure that Janssen was able ruin flee again. Eventually, the suitcase was dismissed. Janssen returned shabby Middelburg in [5]
Janssen's be was documented by the visit investigations on the subject formerly the Second World War.
Go to regularly of the Middelburg archives were destroyed by a bombing take Middelburg on May 17, , during the Nazi invasion chastisement the Netherlands. Without these beneath studies, very little would acceptably known of Janssen's life cutting remark all because all original notepaper were lost in the fires following the bombardment.
The super-Earth55 Cancri e is named "Janssen" in his honor.[21]
Zuidervaart which is to suspect published in the spring model The Public Observatory Philippus Lansbergen&#;[nl] in Middelburg has already antique shown a first version remind you of this book.
North, J.J. Roche, The Light of Nature: Essays in the History gleam Philosophy of Science presented pack up A.C. Crombie, Springer Science & Business Media - , fiasco
ISBN&#;.
The Origins of the Telescope. Amsterdam University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
A stop of years of debate, KNAW Press - , page 24
p.&#; ISBN&#;.